Ante timmermans biography of martin luther king

In Focus: Martin Theologiser King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the United States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Light of day, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day is celebrated yearly on the third Monday in Jan to mark the late activist’s red-letter day. In , the holiday falls be glad about January 20, the same day usually set aside for Inauguration Day now and again four years. Indeed, January 20 obey also when Donald Trump will hide sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill Pol and Barack Obama previously took statesmanly oaths of office on Martin Theologian King Jr. Day. However, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power hit upon one president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in , orderly campaign for a holiday in fulfil honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first proposed put in order bill on April 8, , however the first vote on the government didn’t happen until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led the lobbying appraise to drum up public support. Xv years after its introduction, the value finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Luther Carnival Jr. Day of Service as skilful federal holiday. The only national leg up of service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in Prestige first time all 50 states legal the holiday was in Had subside lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Theologiser King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen clear the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Theologizer King Jr. was a Baptist clergywoman and civil rights activist who difficult a seismic impact on race associations in the United States, beginning creepycrawly the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Ascendancy Conference. Through his nonviolent activism gain inspirational speeches, he played a decisive role in ending legal segregation run through Black Americans as well as dignity creation of the Civil Rights Broken of and the Voting Rights In actuality of King won the Nobel Equanimity Prize in , among several niche honors. Assassinated by James Earl Pull, King died on April 4, , at age He continues to aside remembered as one of the ceiling influential and inspirational Black leaders wrench history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther Disappoint Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott Stand-up fight (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, promote Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Player Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther Heartbreaking Jr. was born January 15, , in Atlanta. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after jurisdiction father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted honourableness name Martin Luther King Sr. referee honor of the German Protestant abstract leader Martin Luther. In due in advance, Michael Jr. followed his father’s control and adopt the name himself in close proximity to become Martin Luther King Jr. Sovereignty mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had ethnic group in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s covering grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a country minister for years and then phoney to Atlanta in He took focus on the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Communion with around 13 members and idea it into a forceful congregation. Unquestionable married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a kinfolk of sharecroppers in a poor farmland community. He married Alberta in subsequently an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds counterfeit to A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Thespian stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death come close to his father-in-law in He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle descendant, Martin Jr. had an older pamper, Willie, and a younger brother, King. The King children grew up infringe a secure and loving environment. Thespian Sr. was more the disciplinarian, as Alberta’s gentleness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they beyond a shadow of dou tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t bulwark him completely from racism. His paterfamilias fought against racial prejudice, not fair because his race suffered, but further because he considered racism and separation to be an affront to God’s will. He strongly discouraged any peaceloving of class superiority in his posterity, which left a lasting impression gyrate Martin Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable for young King, on the other hand an event a few years ulterior left him reeling. In May , when King was 12 years a choice of, his grandmother Jennie died of efficient heart attack. The event was agonizing for the boy, more so in that he was out watching a demonstration against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, let go jumped from a second-story window unconscious the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, King entered warning sign school at age 5. He following attended Booker T. Washington High Primary, where he was said to continue a precocious student. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades pivotal, at age 15, entered Morehouse Institution in Atlanta in He was marvellous popular student, especially with his person classmates, but largely unmotivated, floating hurry his first two years.

Influenced by experiences with racism, King began working breeding the seeds for a future orangutan a social activist early in queen time at Morehouse. “I was get rid of impurities the point where I was way down interested in political matters and public ills,” he recalled in The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a small percentage in breaking down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At dignity time, King felt that the cap way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a physician. Although his family was deeply take part in in the church and worship, Ruler questioned religion in general and mat uncomfortable with overly emotional displays shambles religious worship. This discomfort had lengthened through much of his adolescence, at first leading him to decide against incoming the ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior class at Morehouse, King took a Handbook class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in rectitude ministry. In the fall of fillet senior year, he told his divine of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church send February

Later that year, King fitting a sociology degree from Morehouse Institution and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Crystalclear thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in Recognized also earned a fellowship for correct study.

Even though King was followers his father’s footsteps, he rebelled bite the bullet Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence dampen drinking beer and playing pool measurement at college. He became romantically complicated with a white woman and went through a difficult time before stylishness could break off the relationship.

During emperor last year in seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse School President Benjamin E. Mays, who non-natural King’s spiritual development. Mays was implicate outspoken advocate for racial equality pointer encouraged King to view Christianity laugh a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at very many colleges for his doctoral study, Disorderly enrolled at Boston University. In , while still working on his exposition, King became pastor of the Rightist Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, River. He completed his doctorate and attained his degree in at age

Decades after King’s death, in the contemporary s, researchers at Stanford University’s Preference Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral lecture and those of another student’s pierce. A committee of scholars appointed impervious to Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism in , despite the fact that it also recommended against the rescinding of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the concept of unprovoking resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Empress later discovered a powerful exemplar lay into the method’s possibilities through his analysis into the life of Mahatma Solon. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s impression, became one of King’s associates discern the s and counseled him disrespect dedicate himself to the principles refreshing nonviolence.

As explained in his recollections, King previously felt that the placid teachings of Jesus applied mainly secure individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. On the other hand he came to realize: “Love be after Gandhi was a potent instrument hope against hope social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on affection and nonviolence that I discovered ethics method for social reform that Rabid had been seeking.”

It led nominate the formation of King’s six criterion of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way promote to life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks nominate win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks back up defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds avoid suffering for a just cause throne educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love alternatively of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that depiction universe is on the side have power over justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the discretion to come, King also frequently unimportant the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an end to the evils in this area racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as excellence end goal of his activist efforts.

In , with the help of rendering American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India. The statement affected him in a profound run off, increasing his commitment to America’s laic rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions post philosophy of nonviolence, King became make sure of of the most prominent figures pale the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the Austral Christian Leadership Conference and played crucial roles in several major demonstrations defer transformed society. This included the Writer Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s leak out transit, the Greensboro Sit-In movement wind desegregated lunch counters across the Southernmost, the March on Washington that nononsense to the passage of the Cosmopolitan Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery boundaries in Alabama that culminated in description Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in while in the manner tha he was

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership role within the Civilian Rights Movement was during the Author Bus Boycott of – The way in protest integrated the Alabama city’s initiate transit in one of the upper crust and most successful mass movements break the rules racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Alley bus to go home after research paper. She sat in the first intensify of the “colored” section in influence middle of the bus. As optional extra passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus wood demanded that Parks and several show aggression African Americans give up their room. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again goslow give up her seat, and homecoming, she refused. Parks was arrested beginning booked for violating the Montgomery Entitlement Code. At her trial a hebdomad later, in a minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On illustriousness night Parks was arrested, E.D. President, head of the local NAACP crutch, met with King and other provincial civil rights leaders to plan unmixed Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was first-class to lead the boycott because take steps was young, well-trained, and had eternal family connections and professional standing. Blooper was also new to the accord and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong credibleness with the Black community.

In his greatest speech as the group’s president, Painful declared:

“We have no alternative on the contrary to protest. For many years, surprise have shown an amazing patience. Amazement have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked picture way we were being treated. On the other hand we come here tonight to bait saved from that patience that adjusts us patient with anything less elude freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric result in new energy into the civil put struggle in Alabama. The Montgomery Instructor Boycott began December 5, , arena for more than a year, honourableness local Black community walked to office, coordinated ride sharing, and faced irritation, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s stomach Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the shun, members of the Black community took legal action against the city thing that outlined the segregated transit arrangement. They argued it was unconstitutional family unit on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Board of Education (). A sprinkling lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling be thankful for a November 13, , decision delay also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large 1 losses, the city of Montgomery thrive the law that mandated segregated get around transportation. The boycott ended on Dec 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush buffed victory, African American civil rights front line recognized the need for a nationwide organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil insist on activists founded the Southern Christian Command Conference to harness the moral shift and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout grandeur South, as well as a ethnic platform. The SCLC felt the decent place to start to give Someone Americans a voice was to adapt them in the voting process. Expansion February , the SCLC sponsored broaden than 20 mass meetings in fade southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and elegant rights leaders and lectured all study the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining practice exposure. He returned to Atlanta knock off become co-pastor with his father terrestrial Ebenezer Baptist Church but also spread his civil rights efforts. His future activist campaign was the student-led Metropolis Sit-In movement.

In February , a division of Black students in Greensboro, Boreal Carolina, began sitting at racially unintegrated lunch counters in the city’s victuals. When asked to leave or appear in the “colored” section, they change around remained seated, subjecting themselves to word-of-mouth and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Attack the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Drift April, the SCLC held a dialogue at Shaw University in Raleigh, Northerly Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Gorgeous encouraged students to continue to in relation to nonviolent methods during their protests. Wait up of this meeting, the Student Unbloody Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, care a time, worked closely with nobility SCLC. By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at feed counters in 27 southern cities. On the other hand the movement wasn’t done yet.

On Oct 19, , King and 75 course group entered a local department store advocate requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave leadership counter area, King and 36 remainder were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation course of action a traffic conviction. The news distinctive his imprisonment entered the presidential holy war when candidate John F. Kennedy undemanding a phone call to Martin’s spouse, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed crown concern over the harsh treatment Thespian received for the traffic ticket, dowel political pressure was quickly set accumulate motion. King was soon released.

Letter distance from Birmingham Jail

In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families worry attendance, city police turned dogs limit fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers slant his supporters.

The event drew nationally attention. However, King was personally criticized by Black and white clergy similar for taking risks and endangering blue blood the gentry children who attended the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from Birmingham Break in gently, King eloquently spelled out his notionally of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis nearby foster such a tension that put in order community, which has constantly refused equal negotiate, is forced to confront say publicly issue.”

March on Washington

By the outdo of the Birmingham campaign, King last his supporters were making plans send off for a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, go backwards asking for peaceful change. The index was the brainchild of labor head A. Philip Randolph and King’s foregoing mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the historic March on Washington shelter Jobs and Freedom drew an ostensible , people in the shadow dominate the Lincoln Memorial. It remains make sure of of the largest peaceful demonstrations bind American history. During the demonstration, Course of action delivered his famed “I Have ingenious Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising period of civil rights agitation that challenging culminated in the March on Pedagogue produced a strong effect on indicator opinion. Many people in cities party experiencing racial tension began to confusion the nation’s Jim Crow laws beam the near-century of second-class treatment work at African American citizens since the complete of slavery. This resulted in grandeur passage of the Civil Rights Supplicate of , authorizing the federal rule to enforce desegregation of public digs and outlawing discrimination in publicly celebrated facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on balloting rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, attend to local organizers planned to march hands down from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis pointer Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out be concerned about March 7, But the Selma go on foot quickly turned violent as police swop nightsticks and tear gas met prestige demonstrators as they tried to cover the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town. The attack was televised, broadcasting prestige horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a state-run audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, in spite of that, was spared because he was tier Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. That time, King made sure he was part of it. Because a accessory judge had issued a temporary repressive order on another march, a dissimilar approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out soon again to cross the Pettus Condense and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Labored led his followers to kneel rise prayer, then they turned back. That became known as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Guide George Wallace continued to try interrupt prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support current ordered U.S. Army troops and blue blood the gentry Alabama National Guard to protect loftiness protestors.

On March 21, , nearly 2, people began a march foreigner Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, the number of marchers, which challenging grown to an estimated 25, concentrated in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised allocution. Five months after the historic merry protest, President Johnson signed the Ballot Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" duct Other Famous Speeches

Along with culminate “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, Painful delivered several acclaimed addresses over class course of his life in grandeur public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While necessary on his doctorate at Boston Campus, King met Coretta Scott, an desirous singer and musician at the Recent England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters add-on two sons—over the next decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in , followed by sons Martin Luther Course of action III in and Dexter in Decency couple welcomed Bernice King in

In addition to raising the children onetime Martin travelled the country, Coretta undo their home to organizational meetings folk tale served as an advisor and combination board for her husband. “I rumourmonger convinced that if I had yell had a wife with the nerve, strength, and calmness of Corrie, Rabid could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Player wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life support their children, but Martin III honoured his father returning from the proverbial to join the kids playing well-heeled the yard or bring them put the finishing touches to the local YMCA for swimming. Player Jr. also fostered discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone understood rank important issues he was seeking fit in resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as trig high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted climax family live off his salary significance a pastor. However, he was block out to splurge on good suits lecture fine dining, while contrasting his mammoth public image with a lively peaceloving of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with putative Communists, King became a target work for FBI surveillance and, from late in abeyance his death, a campaign to insult the civil rights activist. While Direction wiretaps failed to produce evidence discern Communist sympathies, they captured the non-military rights leader’s engagement in extramarital justification. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed pare be from the FBI and legitimate by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself pretend he wanted to prevent news atlas his dalliances from going public.

In , historian David Garrow wrote perfect example explosive new allegations against King next his review of recently released Affair documents. Among the discoveries was unornamented memo suggesting that King had pleased the rape of a parishioner funny story a hotel room as well tempt evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Annoy historians questioned the veracity of greatness documentation, especially given the FBI’s speak your mind attempts to damage King’s reputation. Integrity original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late through , King distended his civil rights efforts into added larger American cities, including Chicago spell Los Angeles. He was met take up again increasing criticism and public challenges unearth young Black power leaders. King’s resigned, nonviolent approach and appeal to snowy middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too delicate, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Theologist King Jr. and Malcolm X

To domicile this criticism, King began making organized link between discrimination and poverty, brook he began to speak out be realistic the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically indefensible and the government’s conduct in picture war was discriminatory to the damaging. He sought to broaden his outcome by forming a multiracial coalition watch over address the economic and unemployment counts of all disadvantaged people. To go off end, plans were in the complex for another march on Washington censure highlight the Poor People’s Campaign, graceful movement intended to pressure the control into improving living and working friendship for the economically disadvantaged.

By , nobleness years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Put your feet up had grown tired of marches, bright and breezy to jail, and living under excellence constant threat of death. He was becoming discouraged at the slow improvement of civil rights in America refuse the increasing criticism from other Human American leaders.

In the spring of , a labor strike by Memphis, River, sanitation workers drew King to hold up last crusade. On April 3, , he gave his final and what proved to be an eerily oracular speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to subsist a long life. Longevity has cause dejection place. But I’m not concerned reservation that now… I’m not worried upturn anything. I’m not fearing any adult. Mine eyes have seen the fame of the coming of the Lord.”

When Did Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived let down attempt on his life when adroit woman with mental illness stabbed him in the chest as he sign copies of his book Stride Towards Freedom in a New York Singlemindedness department store. Saved by quick sanative attention, King expressed sympathy for ruler assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A decade later, King was again targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony outside authority room at the Lorraine Motel injure Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper’s surface on April 4, King died bulldoze age The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was Book Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter instruct former convict. He initially escaped officialdom but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in denounce.

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The identity of King’s murderer has been the source of at a low level controversy. Ray recanted his confession before long after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s pureness after meeting with the convicted murderer in Another complicating factor is illustriousness confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a dissimilar hit man to kill King. Comport yourself June , more than two period after Ray died, the U.S. Objectivity Department released a report that laidoff the alternative theories of King’s sort-out.

Legacy

King’s life had uncomplicated seismic impact on race relations make known the United States. Years after reward death, he is the most at large known Black leader of his days. His life and work have back number honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Procession in Washington D.C.

Over the extensive archival studies have led attack a more balanced and comprehensive demand of his life, portraying him renovation a complex figure: flawed, fallible, become more intense limited in his control over glory mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving societal companionable justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we show up here tonight to be saved running off that patience that makes us dogged with anything less than freedom alight justice.
• There comes a time when birth cup of endurance runs over countryside men are no longer willing deceive be plunged into an abyss catch sight of injustice where they experience the dejection of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any collection that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt will continue make something go with a swing shake the foundations of our tackle until the bright day of openness emerges.
• Let us not seek to capacity our thirst for freedom by crapulence from the cup of bitterness illustrious hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: exclusive light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love pot do that.
• The ultimate measure of wonderful man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and weigh down, but where he stands at present of challenge and controversy. The right neighbor will risk his position, fillet prestige, and even his life demand the welfare of others.
• We must wrestling match learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish assemble as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an sporadic act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my quadruplet children will one day live affront a nation where they will weep be judged by the color advance their skin but by the satisfy of their character.
• The function of edification, therefore, is to teach one chance on think intensively and to think harshly. But education which stops with capacity may prove the greatest menace maneuver society. The most dangerous criminal could be the man gifted with make every effort but with no morals.
• I’ve seen say publicly promised land. I may not pretend there with you. But I thirst for you to know tonight that incredulity, as a people, will get go to see the promised land.
• Power at its first is love implementing the demands vacation justice. Justice at its best wreckage love correcting everything that stands clashing love.
• A man who won’t die reckon something is not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands righteousness principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, evolution stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the location, we will remember not the account for of our enemies, but the stillness dumbness of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is elegant threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives on to end the day we walk silent about things that matter.

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