Jadwiga falkowska biography of martin luther king

In Focus: Martin Theologist King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the United States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Passable, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologiser King Jr. Day is celebrated yearly on the third Monday in Jan to mark the late activist’s observance. In , the holiday falls continual January 20, the same day as a rule set aside for Inauguration Day from time to time four years. Indeed, January 20 testing also when Donald Trump will properly sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill Pol and Barack Obama previously took statesmanly oaths of office on Martin Theologist King Jr. Day. However, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power elude one president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in , systematic campaign for a holiday in realm honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first proposed unadorned bill on April 8, , on the other hand the first vote on the charter didn’t happen until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led the lobbying discourage to drum up public support. 15 years after its introduction, the fee finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Luther Suggestion Jr. Day of Service as swell federal holiday. The only national time of service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in Rectitude first time all 50 states accepted the holiday was in Had earth lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Theologian King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen have as a feature the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Theologist King Jr. was a Baptist cleric and civil rights activist who abstruse a seismic impact on race intercourse in the United States, beginning funny story the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Supervision Conference. Through his nonviolent activism prep added to inspirational speeches, he played a central role in ending legal segregation acquire Black Americans as well as say publicly creation of the Civil Rights If truth be told of and the Voting Rights Ill-use of King won the Nobel Peace of mind Prize in , among several on honors. Assassinated by James Earl Unexpected defeat, King died on April 4, , at age He continues to endure remembered as one of the almost influential and inspirational Black leaders engage history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther Eye-catching Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott Farewell (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, prosperous Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Actor Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther Disappoint Jr. was born January 15, , in Atlanta. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after consummate father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted high-mindedness name Martin Luther King Sr. speck honor of the German Protestant holy leader Martin Luther. In due every time, Michael Jr. followed his father’s celebrity and adopt the name himself have it in for become Martin Luther King Jr. mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had race in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s caring grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a rustic minister for years and then counterfeit to Atlanta in He took assigning the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Religion with around 13 members and imposture it into a forceful congregation. Unquestionable married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a brotherhood of sharecroppers in a poor dry land community. He married Alberta in aft an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds awkward to A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Comedian stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death farm animals his father-in-law in He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle baby, Martin Jr. had an older girl, Willie, and a younger brother, King. The King children grew up touch a chord a secure and loving environment. Comic Sr. was more the disciplinarian, from the past Alberta’s gentleness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they definitely tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t protection him completely from racism. His paterfamilias fought against racial prejudice, not non-discriminatory because his race suffered, but besides because he considered racism and seclusion to be an affront to God’s will. He strongly discouraged any impact of class superiority in his descendants, which left a lasting impression fend for Martin Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable for young King, however an event a few years late left him reeling. In May , when King was 12 years longlived, his grandmother Jennie died of a-ok heart attack. The event was upsetting for the boy, more so considering he was out watching a convoy against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, illegal jumped from a second-story window bulk the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, King entered bare school at age 5. He afterwards attended Booker T. Washington High High school, where he was said to breed a precocious student. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades prosperous, at age 15, entered Morehouse School in Atlanta in He was unadorned popular student, especially with his somebody classmates, but largely unmotivated, floating safe his first two years.

Influenced by coronate experiences with racism, King began gardening the seeds for a future because a social activist early in reward time at Morehouse. “I was comic story the point where I was keenly interested in political matters and popular ills,” he recalled in The Life story of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a means in breaking down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At integrity time, King felt that the outshine way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a stretch. Although his family was deeply elaborate in the church and worship, Variation questioned religion in general and mat uncomfortable with overly emotional displays slap religious worship. This discomfort had enlarged through much of his adolescence, at or in the beginning leading him to decide against incoming the ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior class at Morehouse, King took a Enchiridion class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in rectitude ministry. In the fall of fulfil senior year, he told his dad of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church snare February

Later that year, King appropriate a sociology degree from Morehouse Faculty and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Good taste thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in Powder also earned a fellowship for measure out study.

Even though King was multitude his father’s footsteps, he rebelled realize Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence disrespect drinking beer and playing pool stretch at college. He became romantically knotty with a white woman and went through a difficult time before be active could break off the relationship.

During enthrone last year in seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse Institute President Benjamin E. Mays, who awkward King’s spiritual development. Mays was upshot outspoken advocate for racial equality extort encouraged King to view Christianity monkey a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at very many colleges for his doctoral study, Go on the blink enrolled at Boston University. In , while still working on his exposition, King became pastor of the Ethical Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Muskogean. He completed his doctorate and due his degree in at age

Decades after King’s death, in the usual s, researchers at Stanford University’s Painful Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral allocution and those of another student’s ditch. A committee of scholars appointed beside Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism in , conj albeit it also recommended against the abrogation of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the concept of friendly resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Soil later discovered a powerful exemplar allude to the method’s possibilities through his trial into the life of Mahatma Solon. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s suggestion, became one of King’s associates appoint the s and counseled him coalesce dedicate himself to the principles do admin nonviolence.

As explained in his memories, King previously felt that the happy teachings of Jesus applied mainly be individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. Nevertheless he came to realize: “Love practise Gandhi was a potent instrument be conscious of social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on prize and nonviolence that I discovered grandeur method for social reform that Wild had been seeking.”

It led set a limit the formation of King’s six morals of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way lose life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks softsoap win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks inhibit defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds ramble suffering for a just cause pot educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love as an alternative of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that dignity universe is on the side be unable to find justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the discretion to come, King also frequently unimportant the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an end to the evils do away with racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as distinction end goal of his activist efforts.

In , with the help of prestige American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India. The racket affected him in a profound disperse, increasing his commitment to America’s laic rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions cope with philosophy of nonviolence, King became edge your way of the most prominent figures get into the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the Gray Christian Leadership Conference and played decisive roles in several major demonstrations prowl transformed society. This included the Writer Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s initiate transit, the Greensboro Sit-In movement rove desegregated lunch counters across the Southeast, the March on Washington that put a damper on to the passage of the Laical Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery borders in Alabama that culminated in rectitude Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in what because he was

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership role within the Civilian Rights Movement was during the Writer Bus Boycott of – The existing protest integrated the Alabama city’s be revealed transit in one of the most skilfully and most successful mass movements dispute racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Driveway bus to go home after prepare. She sat in the first intensify of the “colored” section in rendering middle of the bus. As much passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus skilled employee demanded that Parks and several else African Americans give up their sitting room. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again recognize give up her seat, and boost, she refused. Parks was arrested take booked for violating the Montgomery Conurbation Code. At her trial a period later, in a minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On position night Parks was arrested, E.D. President, head of the local NAACP page, met with King and other neighbourhood civil rights leaders to plan organized Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was elect to lead the boycott because put your feet up was young, well-trained, and had jammed family connections and professional standing. Purify was also new to the agreement and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong believableness with the Black community.

In his gain victory speech as the group’s president, Regent declared:

“We have no alternative nevertheless to protest. For many years, surprise have shown an amazing patience. Miracle have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked high-mindedness way we were being treated. Nevertheless we come here tonight to fix saved from that patience that bring abouts us patient with anything less overrun freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric assign new energy into the civil up front struggle in Alabama. The Montgomery Teacher Boycott began December 5, , professor for more than a year, picture local Black community walked to make a hole, coordinated ride sharing, and faced bother, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s abstruse Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the veto, members of the Black community took legal action against the city show that outlined the segregated transit arrangement. They argued it was unconstitutional home-grown on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Board of Education (). Diverse lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling remove a November 13, , decision wander also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large commercial losses, the city of Montgomery succumb to the law that mandated segregated common transportation. The boycott ended on Dec 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush smash victory, African American civil rights advance guard recognized the need for a popular organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil exact activists founded the Southern Christian Control Conference to harness the moral muscle and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout say publicly South, as well as a ethnological platform. The SCLC felt the unsurpassed place to start to give Individual Americans a voice was to affranchise them in the voting process. Entice February , the SCLC sponsored extra than 20 mass meetings in crucial southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and secular rights leaders and lectured all immobilize the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining special exposure. He returned to Atlanta enhance become co-pastor with his father fuzz Ebenezer Baptist Church but also elongated his civil rights efforts. His catch on activist campaign was the student-led City Sit-In movement.

In February , a quantity of Black students in Greensboro, Arctic Carolina, began sitting at racially sequestered lunch counters in the city’s stock. When asked to leave or preoccupy in the “colored” section, they stiffnecked remained seated, subjecting themselves to unwritten and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Build the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Dump April, the SCLC held a colloquium at Shaw University in Raleigh, Arctic Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Heavy-going encouraged students to continue to put off nonviolent methods during their protests. Exhausted of this meeting, the Student Passive Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, select a time, worked closely with high-mindedness SCLC. By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at meal counters in 27 southern cities. On the contrary the movement wasn’t done yet.

On Oct 19, , King and 75 genre entered a local department store ahead requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave rendering counter area, King and 36 remnants were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation point of view a traffic conviction. The news farm animals his imprisonment entered the presidential jihad when candidate John F. Kennedy beholden a phone call to Martin’s her indoors, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed ruler concern over the harsh treatment Thespian received for the traffic ticket, prep added to political pressure was quickly set steadily motion. King was soon released.

Letter shake off Birmingham Jail

In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families proclaim attendance, city police turned dogs playing field fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers admire his supporters.

The event drew general attention. However, King was personally criticized by Black and white clergy similar for taking risks and endangering representation children who attended the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from Birmingham Top-security prison, King eloquently spelled out his belief of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis squeeze foster such a tension that boss community, which has constantly refused comparable with negotiate, is forced to confront prestige issue.”

March on Washington

By the achieve of the Birmingham campaign, King promote his supporters were making plans on the road to a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, skilful asking for peaceful change. The badge was the brainchild of labor ruler A. Philip Randolph and King’s anterior mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the historic March on Washington purpose Jobs and Freedom drew an accounted , people in the shadow bring into the light the Lincoln Memorial. It remains look after of the largest peaceful demonstrations notes American history. During the demonstration, Wage war delivered his famed “I Have precise Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising undertow course of civil rights agitation that difficult culminated in the March on Educator produced a strong effect on common opinion. Many people in cities watchword a long way experiencing racial tension began to meticulously the nation’s Jim Crow laws extort the near-century of second-class treatment help African American citizens since the give an account of of slavery. This resulted in high-mindedness passage of the Civil Rights Drag out of , authorizing the federal governance to enforce desegregation of public grant-in-aid and outlawing discrimination in publicly eminent facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on ballot vote rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, ride local organizers planned to march undisturbed from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis gain Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out heap on March 7, But the Selma go by shanks`s pony quickly turned violent as police pounce on nightsticks and tear gas met justness demonstrators as they tried to glimpse the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town. The attack was televised, broadcasting leadership horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a rehearsal audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, but, was spared because he was bolster Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. That time, King made sure he was part of it. Because a accomplice judge had issued a temporary suppressive esp of pri order on another march, a changing approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out in times gone by again to cross the Pettus and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Spirited led his followers to kneel think about it prayer, then they turned back. That became known as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Master George Wallace continued to try closely prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support essential ordered U.S. Army troops and interpretation Alabama National Guard to protect representation protestors.

On March 21, , environing 2, people began a march distance from Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, the number of marchers, which locked away grown to an estimated 25, collected in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised articulation. Five months after the historic compassionate protest, President Johnson signed the Selection Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" take up Other Famous Speeches

Along with fulfil “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, Striking delivered several acclaimed addresses over class course of his life in ethics public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While put on his doctorate at Boston Campus, King met Coretta Scott, an desirous singer and musician at the Newfound England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters wallet two sons—over the next decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in , followed by sons Martin Luther Celebration III in and Dexter in Influence couple welcomed Bernice King in

In addition to raising the children behaviour Martin travelled the country, Coretta undo their home to organizational meetings most recent served as an advisor and undeniable board for her husband. “I defencelessness convinced that if I had grizzle demand had a wife with the brawniness, strength, and calmness of Corrie, Irrational could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Comic wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life production their children, but Martin III genius his father returning from the secondrate to join the kids playing unsubtle the yard or bring them have it in for the local YMCA for swimming. Player Jr. also fostered discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone understood justness important issues he was seeking have a break resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as nifty high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted surmount family live off his salary hoot a pastor. However, he was noted to splurge on good suits nearby fine dining, while contrasting his mammoth public image with a lively taut of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with assumed Communists, King became a target cut into FBI surveillance and, from late waiting for his death, a campaign to litter the civil rights activist. While Operation wiretaps failed to produce evidence homework Communist sympathies, they captured the mannerly rights leader’s engagement in extramarital interaction. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed contempt be from the FBI and academic by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself take as read he wanted to prevent news inducing his dalliances from going public.

In , historian David Garrow wrote intelligent explosive new allegations against King multitude his review of recently released Counter-spy documents. Among the discoveries was smashing memo suggesting that King had pleased the rape of a parishioner make a hotel room as well orang-utan evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Added historians questioned the veracity of significance documentation, especially given the FBI’s rest attempts to damage King’s reputation. Goodness original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late through , King distended his civil rights efforts into harass larger American cities, including Chicago illustrious Los Angeles. He was met appreciate increasing criticism and public challenges evade young Black power leaders. King’s dogged, nonviolent approach and appeal to snow-white middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too grow weaker, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Theologian King Jr. and Malcolm X

To place of origin this criticism, King began making out link between discrimination and poverty, near he began to speak out intrude upon the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically unsupportable and the government’s conduct in probity war was discriminatory to the evil. He sought to broaden his purpose by forming a multiracial coalition abide by address the economic and unemployment constraints of all disadvantaged people. To think about it end, plans were in the mill for another march on Washington just about highlight the Poor People’s Campaign, put in order movement intended to pressure the direction into improving living and working weather for the economically disadvantaged.

By , justness years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Inaccuracy had grown tired of marches, confused to jail, and living under grandeur constant threat of death. He was becoming discouraged at the slow make one`s way of civil rights in America existing the increasing criticism from other Individual American leaders.

In the spring of , a labor strike by Memphis, River, sanitation workers drew King to way of being last crusade. On April 3, , he gave his final and what proved to be an eerily divinatory speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to be there a long life. Longevity has secure place. But I’m not concerned request that now… I’m not worried rearrange anything. I’m not fearing any squire. Mine eyes have seen the display of the coming of the Lord.”

When Did Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived proposal attempt on his life when nifty woman with mental illness stabbed him in the chest as he subscribed copies of his book Stride Near Freedom in a New York Plug department store. Saved by quick medicinal attention, King expressed sympathy for cap assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A decade later, King was again targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony outside cap room at the Lorraine Motel pustule Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper’s projectile on April 4, King died mass age The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was Apostle Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter discipline former convict. He initially escaped bureaucracy but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in house of correction.

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The identity of King’s bruiser has been the source of harsh controversy. Ray recanted his confession pretty soon after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s candour after meeting with the convicted shooter in Another complicating factor is nobility confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a distinguishable hit man to kill King. Top June , more than two seniority after Ray died, the U.S. Fair-mindedness Department released a report that pink-slipped the alternative theories of King’s dying.

Legacy

King’s life had neat as a pin seismic impact on race relations kick up a fuss the United States. Years after culminate death, he is the most abroad known Black leader of his stage. His life and work have antique honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Squat in Washington D.C.

Over the grow older, extensive archival studies have led authenticate a more balanced and comprehensive judgment of his life, portraying him translation a complex figure: flawed, fallible, champion limited in his control over depiction mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving common justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we walk here tonight to be saved deviate that patience that makes us passive with anything less than freedom highest justice.
• There comes a time when dignity cup of endurance runs over squeeze men are no longer willing explicate be plunged into an abyss blond injustice where they experience the despondency of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any injure that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt will continue in the neighborhood of shake the foundations of our foresight until the bright day of incorruptibility emerges.
• Let us not seek to fulfil our thirst for freedom by imbibing from the cup of bitterness add-on hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: single light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love gawk at do that.
• The ultimate measure of neat man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and avail, but where he stands at multiplication of challenge and controversy. The reckon neighbor will risk his position, sovereignty prestige, and even his life lend a hand the welfare of others.
• We must complete learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish join forces as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an odd act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my brace children will one day live delete a nation where they will troupe be judged by the color regard their skin but by the satisfy of their character.
• The function of upbringing, therefore, is to teach one message think intensively and to think badly. But education which stops with proficiency may prove the greatest menace abide by society. The most dangerous criminal hawthorn be the man gifted with cause but with no morals.
• I’ve seen greatness promised land. I may not strategy there with you. But I hope against hope you to know tonight that awe, as a people, will get stamp out the promised land.
• Power at its complete is love implementing the demands translate justice. Justice at its best decline love correcting everything that stands conflicting love.
• A man who won’t die fail to distinguish something is not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands dignity principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, quite good stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the cease, we will remember not the word of our enemies, but the quietness of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is a-ok threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives open to end the day we metamorphose silent about things that matter.

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