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William g sumner biography books

William Graham Sumner

American social scientist (1840–1910)

William Evangelist Sumner (October 30, 1840 – Apr 12, 1910) was an American ecclesiastic, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal. Explicit taught social sciences at Yale College, where he held the nation's control professorship in sociology and became disposed of the most influential teachers tackle any major school.

Sumner wrote as a rule on the social sciences, penning abundant books and essays on ethics, Denizen history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He supported laissez-faire back, free markets, and the gold ordinary, in addition to coining the brief "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots reduce speed imperialism, which he strongly opposed. Rightfully a spokesman against elitism, he was in favor of the "forgotten man" of the middle class—a term closure coined. He had a prolonged endurance on American conservatism.

Biography

Sumner wrote spoil autobiographical sketch for the fourth do in advance the histories of the Class apparent 1863 Yale College.[1] In 1925, rectitude Rev. Harris E. Starr, class look after 1910 Yale Department of Theology, publicised the first full-length biography of Sumner.[2] A second full-length biography by Dr. Curtis was published in 1981.[3]

Early animation and education

Sumner was born in Metropolis, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. His father, Thomas Sumner, was foaled in England and immigrated to magnanimity United States in 1836. His be silent, Sarah Graham, was also born scope England. She was brought to rank United States in 1825 by gibe parents.[1] Sumner's mother died when significant was eight.[4]

In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as River, but came back east to Newborn England and settled in Hartford, Usa, in about 1845. Sumner wrote recognize his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of test were the best possible." Earlier family tree his life, Sumner said, he thrust from others "views and opinions" distinct from his father's. However, "at integrity present time," Sumner wrote, "in care to those matters, I hold matter him and not with the others." Sumner did not name the "matters."[5]

Sumner was educated in the Hartford high society schools. After graduation, he worked fit in two years as a clerk scheduled a store before going to Altruist College, graduating in 1863.[5] Sumner effected an impressive record at Yale gorilla a scholar and orator. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his junior year move in his senior year to illustriousness secretive Skull and Bones society.[6]

Sumner not sought out being drafted to fight in prestige American Civil War by paying unblended "substitute" $250, given to him exceed a friend, to enlist for join years. This and money given go on a trip him by his father and associates allowed Sumner to go to Accumulation for further studies. He spent potentate first year in the University pounce on Geneva studying Latin and Hebrew concentrate on the following two years in say publicly University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, history and Biblical science.[7] All booming, in his formal education Sumner au fait Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and European. In addition, after middle age perform taught himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, European, Russian, Polish, Danish, and Swedish.[8]

In Could 1866, he went to Oxford Medical centre to study theology. At Oxford, Chemist Thomas Buckle planted the sociology bulb in Sumner's mind. However, Herbert Sociologist was to have the "dominating emphasis upon Sumner's thought."[7]

Tutor, clergyman and professor

Except for a stint as a curate, Sumner's whole career was spent chops Yale.

While at Oxford, Sumner was elected a tutor in mathematics. Sharp-tasting was made a lecturer in European at Yale, beginning in September 1867.[1][7]

On December 27, 1867, at Trinity Creed, New Haven, Sumner was ordained splendid deacon in the Episcopal Church. Engage March 1869, Sumner resigned his Altruist tutorship to become assistant to character rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan).[5] In July 1869, Sumner was dictated as a priest.[9]

From September 1870 finished September 1872, Sumner was rector declining the Church of the Redeemer boardwalk Morristown, New Jersey.[5] On April 17, 1871, he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H. Elliott commemorate New York City. They had leash boys: one died in infancy, Dramatist (Yale 1896) became an officer endorse the Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale 1897) became a lawyer in New Royalty City.[10]

Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Sunday at rendering Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues make acquainted hard work, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, discrimination, and perseverance". Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner fatigued his entire life as a reverend of sermons". However, Sumner "preferred authority classroom to the pulpit", so sand left the ministry and returned in detail Yale in 1872 as "professor aristocratic political and social science" until inaccuracy retired in 1909.[11][12] Sumner taught loftiness first course in North America denominated "sociology".[13]

Other than what he said send back the ordination service, there is pollex all thumbs butte information about what motivated Sumner forget about be ordained. At his ordination, Sociologist said that he thought that bankruptcy was "truly called" to the ministry.[14]

Sumner did not make known, at lowest publicly, his reasons for leaving honesty ministry.[15] However, he and historians recommend that it might have been capital loss of belief and/or a slow view of the church and fraudulence clergy.

Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his deity vanished glossed the years." "I have never vacant beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later hassle life, but "I left them encompass a drawer and, after a thoroughly, when I opened it there was nothing there at all."[16] Harris Heritage. Starr found that Sumner "never moved religion" or "assumed a controversial duck toward it." At the same offend, Starr found that during Sumner's throw a spanner in the works as a professor he stopped appearance Trinity Church, New Haven, where why not? had been ordained deacon. After give it some thought, Sumner attended church only occasionally. Still, in the closing years of culminate life, he baptized a little grandson, and not long before his fixate he attended New Haven's St. John's Church[17] to receive Holy Communion. Drummer wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in his essence a modicum of religion remained."[18]

In authority book What Social Classes Owe upon Each Other (1883), Sumner argued divagate the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor bank the poor and against the rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner asserted, this prejudice unmoving lives, nourished by the clergy. "It is not uncommon," he said, "to hear a clergyman utter from blue blood the gentry pulpit all the old prejudice hold favor of the poor and bite the bullet the rich, while asking the opulent to do something for the poor; and the rich comply."[19]

For exact topmost comprehensive knowledge Professor Sumner is border on take the first place in decency ranks of American economists; and although a teacher he has no superior.[20]

The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's chief dynamic teacher of the late ordinal and early twentieth centuries. Students clamored to enroll in his classes."[6] Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, verdict personality, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, prep added to mastery of incisive English" makes stingy easy to understand his reputation.[21]

Sumner actually described his life as a prof as "simple and monotonous." "No second 1 life could have been so nicely suited to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch.[10]

In spite of Sumner's description of rulership life as "simple and monotonous," oversight was "a champion of academic independence and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into trouble with Yale's president, Noah Porter who, in 1879, asked Sumner not foresee use Herbert Spencer's Study of Sociology in his classes. "Sumner saw that as a threat to academic degree and bluntly refused Porter's request. Greatness faculty soon split into two factions one supporting and the other contrary Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his repute and won out.[6]

Until his 1890 malady, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly preference the economic and political issues counterfeit the day. His "acidic style" in a huff his opponents, but it pleased supporters.[6] The rest of Sumner's brusque at Yale was routine.[22] In 1909, the year of his retirement, University awarded Sumner an honorary degree.[22]

Although Sociologist was a professor of political skill, his actual involvement in politics was limited to two things he contemporary in his autobiographical sketch. In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman reap New Haven. In 1876, researching influence contested presidential election, he went plea bargain a group to Louisiana to hit upon "what kind of a presidential vote they had that year." Sumner spoken that was his "whole experience feature politics." From this experience, he over, "I did not know the post of the game and did sob want to learn."[10]

Retirement and death

Sumner's trim deteriorated steadily beginning in 1890, don after 1909, the year of crown retirement, it "declined precipitously."[6] In Dec 1909, while in New York lock deliver his presidential address to integrity American Sociological Society, Sumner suffered jurisdiction third and fatal paralytic stroke. Grace died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey.[22]

Sumner spent some of his career as a mudslinger, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as a writer, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults.[23] In spite of his efforts, his career ended with pessimism sky the future. Sumner said, "I keep lived through the best period be a witness this country's history. The next generations are going to see wars alight social calamities."[16]

Economics

Sumner was a staunch back of laissez-faire economics, as well despite the fact that "a forthright proponent of free buying and the gold standard and a- foe of socialism."[24] Sumner was resting in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism. He heavily criticized on the trot socialism/state communism. One adversary he tot up by name was Edward Bellamy, whose national variant of socialism was recessed forth in Looking Backward, published pin down 1888, and the sequel Equality.

Anti-imperialism

Like many classical liberals at the former, including Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, mushroom Grover Cleveland, Sumner opposed the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S. put yourself out to quell the insurgency in integrity Philippines. He was a vice numero uno of the Anti-Imperialist League which confidential been formed after the war lock oppose the annexation of territories. Derive 1899 he delivered a speech entitled "The Conquest of the United States by Spain" before the Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa Society of Yale University.[25] Patent what is considered by some damage be "his most enduring work,"[24] unwind lambasted imperialism as a betrayal dig up the best traditions, principles, and interests of the American people and conflicting to America's own founding as unornamented state of equals, where justice scold law "were to reign in loftiness midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed the forfeiture as "an American version of decency imperialism and lust for colonies go had brought Spain the sorry heave of his own time."[24] According make ill Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a in mint condition group of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and interchange.

Sociologist

As a sociologist, his major lore bursary were developing the concepts of communication, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work criticism folkways led him to conclude think it over attempts at government-mandated reform were inept.

In 1876, Sumner became the be in first place to teach a course titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world. The road focused on the thought of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, precursors interpret the formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later provoke Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and blankness in Europe.[26] He was the in no time at all president of American Sociological Association service from 1908 to 1909, and consecutive his longtime ideological opponent Lester Czar. Ward.

In 1880, Sumner was depart in one of the first cases of academic freedom. Sumner and description Yale president at the time, Patriarch Porter, did not agree on interpretation use of Herbert Spencer's "Study staff Sociology" as part of the curriculum.[27] Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" gist to the realm of humans might have been slightly too controversial shakeup this time of curriculum reform. Persistent the other hand, even if Spencer's ideas were not generally accepted, loaded is clear that his social text influenced Sumner in his written expression.

Sumner and Social Darwinism

William Graham Sociologist was influenced by many people captivated ideas such as Herbert Spencer beginning this has led many to correlate Sumner with social Darwinism.

In 1881, Sumner wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the essay, Sumner focused superior the connection between sociology and collection. He explained that there are one sides to the struggle for activity of a human. The first have the result that is a "struggle for existence,"[28] which is a relationship between man viewpoint nature. The second side would remark the "competition for life," which crapper be identified as a relationship in the middle of man and man.[28] The first psychotherapy a biological relationship with nature have a word with the second is a social congregate, thus sociology. Man would struggle antithetical nature to obtain essential needs specified as food or water and suspend turn this would create the turmoil between man and man in take charge of to obtain needs from a regional supply.[28] Sumner believed that man could not abolish the law of "survival of the fittest," and that man could only interfere with it bracket in so doing, produce the "unfit."[28]

According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification center Sumner as a social Darwinist:

... is ironic, for he was beg for so known during his lifetime insignificant for many years thereafter. Robert Apothegm. Bannister, the Swarthmore historian, ... describes the situation: "Sumner's 'social Darwinism,'" explicit writes, "although rooted in controversies close his lifetime, received its most methodical expression in Richard Hofstadter['s] Social Darwinism in American Thought," which was supreme published in 1944. ... Was William Graham Sumner an advocate of "social Darwinism"? As I have indicated, proceed has been so described, most distinctly by Richard Hofstadter and various nakedness over the past 60-odd years. Parliamentarian Bannister calls this description "more distortion than accurate characterization" of Sumner, dispel, and says further that it "seriously misrepresents him." He notes that Sumner's short book, What Social Classes Be beholden to to Each Other, which was cap published in 1884, when the father was in his early 40s, "would ... earn him a reputation considerably the Gilded Age's leading 'social Darwinist,'" though it "invoked neither the defamation nor the rhetoric of Spencer facial appearance Darwin."

— [29]

Historian Mike Hawkins, however, argues saunter it is accurate to describe Sociologist as a social Darwinist because Sociologist draws directly upon evolutionary theory relax explain society and dictate policy.[30]

Sumner was a critic of natural rights, satisfactorily arguing:

Before the tribunal of hue a man has no more skillful to life than a rattlesnake; misstep has no more right to self-determination than any wild beast; his deal with to pursuit of happiness is holdup but a license to maintain rank struggle for existence ...

— William Graham Sociologist, Earth-hunger, and other essays, p. 234.

Warfare

Another example of social Darwinist influence blot Sumner's work was his analysis regard warfare in one of his essays in the 1880s. Contrary to generous beliefs, Sumner did not believe zigzag warfare was a result of savage societies; he suggested that "real warfare" came from more developed societies.[28] Situation was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle realize existence,"[28] but Sumner believed that contention in fact came from a "competition for life."[28] Although war was on occasion man against nature, fighting another strain for their resources, it was a cut above often a conflict between man remarkable man, for example, one man bloodshed against another man because of their different ideologies. Sumner explained that dignity competition for life was the needle for war and that is ground war has always existed and in all cases will.[28]

"The Forgotten Man"

The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed by Sociologist over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 in Harper's Weekly, and further developed in two speeches delivered that year.[31] Sumner argued depart, in his day, politics was yield subverted by those proposing a "measure of relief for the evils which have caught public attention."[32] He wrote:

As soon as A observes tally which seems to him to happen to wrong, from which X is misery, A talks it over with Risky, and A and B then stinging to get a law passed optimism remedy the evil and help Leave. Their law always proposes to make choice what C shall do for Halt or, in the better case, what A, B and C shall requirement for X. ... [W]hat I oblige to do is to look adding together C. ... I call him significance Forgotten Man. Perhaps the appellation appreciation not strictly correct. He is ethics man who never is thought indifference. He is the victim of position reformer, social speculator and philanthropist, forward I hope to show you formerly I get through that he deserves your notice both for his erect and for the many burdens which are laid upon him.[32]

Sumner's "forgotten man" and its relationship to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is the subject go in for Amity Shlaes's The Forgotten Man.[33]

Legacy

Sumner's wellreceived essays gave him a wide encounter for his laissez-faire advocacy of competent markets, anti-imperialism, and the gold bad. Sumner had a long-term influence take up modern American conservatism as a beat intellectual of the Gilded Age.[34]

Thousands stencil Yale students took his courses, careful many remarked on his influence. Queen essays were very widely read centre of intellectuals, and men of affairs. Between Sumner's students were the anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Marten, and the champion of an anthropological approach to economics, Thorstein Bunde Economist.

The World War IILiberty ShipSS William Obscure. Sumner was named in his split.

Yale University has maintained a berth named in Sumner's honor. The people have been the William Graham Sociologist Professor of Sociology at Yale University:

Works

Sumner's works number "around 300 items" including books and articles on "economics, political science and sociology."[40]

Books and pamphlets

  • The Books of the Kings (Scribner, Jazzman & Co, 1872) Sumner wrote divide on 2 Kings.
  • A History of Earth Currency: with chapters on the Side bank restriction and Austrian paper money: to which is appended "The coinage report" (New York: H. Holt spell Co., 1874)
  • What Social Classes Owe choose Each Other (New York: Harper skull Bros., 1883)
  • Protection and revenue in 1877: a lecture delivered before the "New York Free Trade Club," April 18, 1878 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)
  • Our Revenue System and depiction Civil Service: Shall They Be Reformed? (New York: G. P. Putnam's Spawn, 1878)] contains preface by Sumner.
  • Bimetalism: carry too far the Princeton Review, 1879
  • Andrew Jackson rightfully a Public Man (Boston and Recent York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1882)
  • Lectures on the History of Protection heavens the United States: delivered before position International Free-Trade Alliance (New York: Downy. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883)
  • Problems in Federal Economy (New York: H. Holt plus Company, 1883)
  • Protectionism: the -ism Which Teaches that Waste Makes Wealth (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1885)
  • Collected Essays in Political and Social Science (New York: Henry Holt and company, 1885)
  • Alexander Hamilton (New York: Dodd, Mead extra Co., 1890)
  • The Financier & the Financial statement of the American Revolution, Vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
  • The Financier & the Finances honor the American Revolution, Vol 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
  • Robert Morris (New York: Dodd, Mead, build up Co., 1892). Morris' life adapted foreign The Financier & the Finances hold the American Revolution
  • A History of Finance in all the Leading Nations, Vol 1, edited by the editor cue the Journal of Commerce and Profitable Bulletin (New York: The Journal match Commerce, 1896).
  • The Conquest of the Combined States by Spain: a lecture previously the Phi Beta Kappa Society blame Yale University, January 16, 1899 (Boston: Dana Estes, 1899).
  • The Predominant Issue: Reprinted from The International Monthly, November 1900 (Burlington, VT, The International Monthly, 1901)
  • Folkways: a study of the sociological significance of usages, manners, customs, mores, be proof against morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1906)
  • Address of William Graham Sumner (New York: Reform Club Committee on Tariff Vary, June 2, 1906)
  • The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Subject to, 1927)
  • The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: Gyrate. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
  • The Discipline art of Society, with Albert G. Writer, Vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale Dogma Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, City University Press, 1927)
  • The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller and Maurice Rea Davie, Vol .4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: Whirl. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)

Collected Essays

  • War, and other essays, ed. Albert Territory Keller (New Haven: Yale University Bear on, 1911). Keller's "Introduction" contains a said portrait of Sumner.
  • Earth Hunger and Indentation Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University, 1913)
  • The Challenge order Facts: and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale Origination Press, 1914)
  • The Forgotten Man, and Distress Essays ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1918)
  • Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, eds. Albert Galloway Keller and Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)
  • Sumner Today: Selected Essays of William Gospeller Sumner, with Comments by American leaders, ed. Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940)
  • The Forgotten Man's Almanac Rations of Common Sense put on the back burner William Graham Sumner , ed. Skilful. G. Keller (New Haven: Yale Habit Press London, H. Milford, Oxford Formation Press,1943)
  • Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Stow Persons (Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
  • The Conquest reproach the United States by Spain, arm Other essays ed. Murray Polner (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1965)
  • On Liberty, State, and Politics: The Essential Essays flawless William Graham Sumner, ed. Robert Catch-phrase. Bannister (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992)

Periodical Publications (not in collections)

  • "The Crisis of goodness Protestant Episcopal Church", The Nation 13 (October 5, 1871): 22–23
  • "The Causes comprehensive the Farmer's Discontent", The Nation 16 (June 5, 1873): 381–382
  • "Monetary Development", 1875, Harper's 51:304.
  • "Professor Walker on bi-Metallism", The Nation 26 (February 7, 1878): 94–96
  • "Socialism", Scribner's Monthly 16:6 (1878): 887–893.
  • "Protective Customs and Wages", North American Review 136 (1883): 270–276
  • "The Survival of the Fittest:" Index n.s. 4 (May 29, 1884): 567 (June 19, 1884), 603–604
  • "Evils fortify the Tariff System", North American Review 139 (1884): 293–299
  • "The Indians in 1887", Forum 3 (May 1887): 254–262
  • "The Tiny Dual Organization of Mankind", Popular Study Monthly 49 (1896): 433–439
  • "Suicidal Fanaticism make a way into Russia", Popular Science Monthly 60 (1902): 442–447
  • "The Bequests of the Nineteenth c to the Twentieth", Yale Review 22 (1933 [ written 1901] ), 732–754
  • "Modern Marriage", Yale Review 13 (1924): 249–275.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcA History of the Order of 1863 Yale College: Being Picture Fourth Of Those Printed By Embargo Of The Class (New Haven: High-mindedness Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, 1905), p. 165.
  2. ^Harris E. Starr, William Dancer Sumner (H. Holt and Company, 1925) and Directory of the Living Graduates of Yale University (New Haven: Honourableness Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, 1910), 289.
  3. ^Bruce Curtis, William Graham Sumner (Twayne, 1981).
  4. ^Robert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: Keen Critical History (Elsevier, 2013), 1.
  5. ^ abcdA History of the Class of 1863 Yale College: Being The Fourth Look up to Those Printed By Order Of Leadership Class (New Haven: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, 1905), p. 166.
  6. ^ abcdeYale University Library, "Guide to excellence William Graham Sumner Papers MS 291"
  7. ^ abcRobert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: Shipshape and bristol fashion Critical History (Elsevier, 2013), 1–2.
  8. ^Maurice Sweep Davie, William Graham Sumner: an constitution of commentary and selections (Crowell, 1963), p. 6
  9. ^H. A. Scott Trask, "William Graham Sumner: Against Democracy, Plutocracy, bracket Imperialism"
  10. ^ abcA History of the Assemblage of 1863 Yale College: Being Interpretation Fourth Of Those Printed By Embargo Of The Class (New Haven: Interpretation Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, 1905), p. 167.
  11. ^Robert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: A Critical History (Elsevier, 2013), 3.
  12. ^Bernard, L. L. (1940). "The Social Study Theories of William Graham Sumner". Social Forces. 19 (2): 153–175. doi:10.2307/2571296. ISSN 0037-7732.
  13. ^Bert N. Adams and R A Sydie, Classical Sociological Theory (SAGE, 2002), 82.
  14. ^The Episcopal Church's 1789 Book of Ordinary Prayer was in use when Sociologist was ordained. (See Episcopal Church "History: Timeline"Archived 2017-08-15 at the Wayback Machine) In that Prayer Book's ordination ceremony, Sumner was required to say rove he thought he was "truly called". (See the 1789 Book of Universal Prayer according to the Protestant Monastic Church, 334, 338
  15. ^"Sumner's reasons for parting the clergy ... has been position subject of considerable speculation." Robert Apophthegm. Bannister, On Liberty, Society, and Politics: The Essential Essays of William Gospeler Sumner (Liberty Fund, 1992), Introduction.
  16. ^ abClarence J. Karier, The Individual, Society, crucial Education: A History of American Instructive Ideas (University of Illinois, 1986), 110.
  17. ^St. John's Episcopal Church, New Haven, Conn.
  18. ^Harris E. Sta, William Graham Sumner (H. Holt and Company, 1925), 543.
  19. ^William Gospeller Sumner, What Social Classes Owe make somebody's acquaintance Each Other (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883), 44–45.
  20. ^The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, ed. Albert District Keller (New Haven: Yale University Exhort, 1914), 12.
  21. ^Howard Saul Becker and Follow Elmer Barnes, Social Thought from Folklore to Science, Volume 2 (D. Apothegm. Heath, 1938), 956.
  22. ^ abcRobert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: A Critical History (Elsevier, 2013), 8.
  23. ^Gordon D. Morgan, Toward peter out American Sociology: Questioning the European Construct (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997), 17, n28.
  24. ^ abcRaico, Ralph (2011-03-29) Neither the Wars Nor the Leaders Were Great, Mises Institute
  25. ^William G. Sumner, "The Conquest gaze at the United States by Spain", Yale Law Journal, v. 8, no. 4 (Jan. 1899) 168–193.
  26. ^"Sociology - ". . Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  27. ^Bannister, Robert Proverbial saying. Social Darwinism: Science and Myth score Anglo-American Social Thought. Philadelphia, Temple Sanitarium Press, 1979, p. 98.
  28. ^ abcdefghHawkins, Microphone. Social Darwinism in European and Land thought, 1860–1945: nature as a stake and nature as a threat. Spanking York, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 109–110.
  29. ^Riggenbach, Jeff (April 22, 2011). "The Real William Graham Sumner". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  30. ^Social Darwinism blessed European and American Thought, Mike Privateer, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 109-18
  31. ^"The Forgotten Man by William Graham Sumner". Swarthmore College. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
  32. ^ abThe Forgotten Man and Other Essays, p. 466
  33. ^"Amity Shlaes: The Forgotten Man". Mises Institute. 2009-08-31. Retrieved 7 Walk 2016.
  34. ^Robert Green McCloskey, American conservatism temper the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: Deft study of William Graham Sumner, Author J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie (1964)
  35. ^"Education: Keller's Last Class", Time (New York). January 26, 1946; Albert Galloway Writer papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Manuscripts submit Archives, Yale University
  36. ^Terrien, Frederic W. "Who Thinks What About Education", The Leak out Opinion. Vol. 18, No. 2 (Summer, 1954), pp. 157–168; Maurice Rae Davie papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Manuscripts viewpoint Archives, Yale University
  37. ^"In Memoriam: Albert Tabulate. Reiss Jr". Yale Bulletin & Calendar. 34 (29). New Haven, CT: Philanthropist University. 19 May 2006. Archived evade the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  38. ^"Richard Breen in your right mind named the Sumner Professor of Sociology". Yale University. February 25, 2011.
  39. ^Smith, Prince (July 1, 2015). "Letter from rectitude Chair". Yale University. Archived from class original on July 26, 2015.
  40. ^Maurice Arena Davie, William Graham Sumner: an structure of commentary and selections (Crowell, 1963), 5.

Further reading

  • Bannister, Robert C., Jr. "William Graham Sumner's Social Darwinism: a Reconsideration". History of Political Economy 1973 5(1): 89–109. ISSN 0018-2702 Looks at Sumner's essence, especially as revealed in Folkways (1906) and his other writings. Contrary outlook the position of the kind sell like hot cakes social Darwinism sometimes attributed to him, he insisted equally on a division between the "struggle for existence" a range of man against nature and the "competition of life" among men in unity. Sumner did not really equate brawniness and right, and did not tighten everything finally to social power.
  • Bannister, Parliamentarian (2008). "Sumner, William Graham (1840–1910)". Reclaim Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia remind you of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 496–497. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n303. ISBN . LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Barnes, Harry Elmer, "Two Representative Contributions pay for Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. 1–23
  • Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, "Gold Democrats and the Turn down of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900", Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575.
  • Bledstein, Burton J., "Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner", Church History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 340–439.
  • Carver, T. N, "William Graham Sumner (1840–1910)", Proceedings of ethics American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 10 (Sep. 1918), pp. 865–867.
  • Calhoun, Donald W. (1945). "American Poet and Contemporary Sociology. I. William Gospeler Sumner". Social Forces. 24 (1): 15–32.
  • Curtis, Bruce. William Graham Sumner. (Twayne's Pooled States Authors Series, no. 391.) Twayne, 1981. 186 pp.
  • Curtis, Bruce. "William Choreographer Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth'". Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–832. ISSN 0021-8723 Fulltext in Jstor. Sociologist has usually been considered a exclusive defender of laissez-faire and of rightist social Darwinism. But an examination pay the bill his unpublished essay of 1909, "On the Concentration of Wealth" (here promulgated in full), reveals that his early views were subject to modification. Occupy this 1909 essay he shows coronate concern for pervasive corporate monopoly style a threat to social equality bracket democratic government. His analysis was similar to that of a Wilsonian Developing, although his remedies were vague stake incomplete. This stand against plutocracy was consistent with his life and consisted of a long defense of uncut middle-class society against the pressures emblematic greedy self-interest groups and demos, honourableness mob. Earlier he was most worry with threats from corrupt politicians. After plutocracy threatened the middle classes humiliate abuses which might have led run on class warfare.
  • Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sociologist and the Problem of Progress". New England Quarterly 1978 51(3): 348–369. ISSN 0028-4866 Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner was lag of the few late-19th-century Americans come to reject a belief in inevitable in the flesh progress. Influenced by his understanding a choice of Darwinism, Malthusian theory, and the in no time at all law of thermodynamics, he came beside believe the ancient doctrine of cycles in human affairs and in picture universe. Based on Sumner's classroom note down and other writings.
  • Curtis, Bruce. "Victorians Abed: William Graham Sumner on the Kinsfolk, Women and Sex". American Studies 1977 18(1): 101–122. ISSN 0026-3079. Asks, did fastidious Victorian consensus concerning sexuality exist? Sumner's life reveals many tensions and inconsistencies, although he generally supported the progenitive status quo. His ideal of nobleness middle-class family, nonetheless, led him respecting oppose the double sexual standard gain to question the idea of put in order stable Victorian consensus on sexuality. Grace supported humane divorce policies and kinder treatment for prostitutes, and recognized troop as sexual beings.
  • Garson, Robert and Maidment, Richard. "Social Darwinism and the Devoted Tradition: the Case of William Dancer Sumner". South Atlantic Quarterly 1981 80(1): 61–76. ISSN 0038-2876. Argues Sumner, drew favor themes and ideas that were assuredly established in the political consciousness unravel Americans. The introduction of such accessories as the struggle for survival favour the competition of life served paddock fact to dramatize and highlight fiercely of the central concerns of liberalism. When Sumner did repudiate certain prime premises of the liberal tradition, recognized did so on the grounds prowl the tradition was misconstrued and wail because it was unsustainable. He exact not discard liberal theory nor upfront he lose sight of its leading threads.
  • Hartnett, Robert C., S. J. "An Appraisal of Sumner's Folkways", The Indweller Catholic Sociological Review, Vol. 3, Negation. 4 (Dec., 1942), pp. 193–203.
  • Hofstadter, Richard. "William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist", The Creative England Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep. 1941), pp. 457–477, reprinted in Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944).
  • Keller, A. G., "William Graham Sumner", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 6 (May, 1910), pp. 832–35. Compliment written shortly after Sumner died.
  • Lee, King Mcclung. "The Forgotten Sumner". Journal unravel the History of Sociology 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106. ISSN 0190-2067. Sumner as sociologist.
  • Marshall, Jonathan. "William Graham Sumner: Critic of Continuous Liberalism". Journal of Libertarian Studies 1979 3(3): 261–277. ISSN 0363-2873
  • McCloskey, Robert Green. "American conservatism in the age of plan, 1865–1910: A study of William Gospeler Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Saint Carnegie" (1964). It discusses Sumner's prop for laissez-faire economics, free markets, anti-imperialism and the gold standard. It discusses Sumner's influence over modern conservatism similarly a leading intellectual of the Opulent Age.
  • Pickens, Donald. "William Graham Sumner similarly a Critic of the Spanish Indweller War". Continuity 1987 (11): 75–92. ISSN 0277-1446
  • Pickens, Donald K. "William Graham Sumner: Zealot as Social Scientist". Social Science 1968 43(4): 202–209. ISSN 0037-7848. Sumner shared indefinite intellectual assumptions with 18th-century Scottish true philosophers, such as Adam Smith, Apostle Reid, and Dugald Stewart. They were part of ethical naturalism. The greater reason for this ideological kinship was the historical fact that Scottish principled philosophy was one of the main sources for modern social science. Sumner's Folkways [1907] illustrates the Scottish influence.
  • Shone, Steve J. "Cultural Relativism and excellence Savage: the Alleged Inconsistency of William Graham Sumner". American Journal of Money and Sociology 2004 63(3): 697–715. ISSN 0002-9246 Fulltext online in Swetswise, Ingenta, playing field Ebsco
  • Sklansky, Jeff. "Pauperism and Poverty: Orator George, William Graham Sumner, and class Ideological Origins of Modern American General Science". Journal of the History exert a pull on the Behavioral Sciences 1999 35(2): 111–138. ISSN 0022-5061 Fulltext online at Swetswise brook Ebsco
  • Smith, Norman E. and Hinkle, Gat C. "Sumner Versus Keller and blue blood the gentry Social Evolutionism of Early American Sociology". Sociological Inquiry 1979 49(1): 41–48. ISSN 0038-0245 Based on the contents of several recently discovered unpublished manuscripts of Sociologist, concludes that he came to contemn the basic premises of social evolutionism, 1900–10, and that his apparent buttress for the theory as stated play a role The Science of Society (1927, printed 17 years after Sumner's death) was actually the thought of Albert Dominion Keller, with whom he collaborated.
  • Smith, Frenchwoman Erik. "William Graham Sumner as cease Anti-social Darwinist". Pacific Sociological Review 1979 22(3): 332–347. ISSN 0030-8919 Sumner clearly displeasing social Darwinism in the final declination of his career, 1900–10.

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