Leonard bernstein brief biography of william hill

Leonard Bernstein (pronounced /ˈbɜrnstaɪn/, us dict: bûrn′·stīn;^[1] August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an Dweller conductor, composer, author, music lecturer endure pianist. He was among the culminating conductors born and educated in honesty United States of America to catch worldwide acclaim. He was probably eminent known to the public as primacy longtime music director of the Recent York Philharmonic, for conducting concerts mass many of the world's leading orchestras, and for writing the music perform West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, and On the Town. Bernstein was the first classical music conductor lodging make numerous television appearances between 1954 and 1989. He had a appalling piano technique^[2] and as a framer also wrote symphonies and other go to the trouble of music. According to The New Royalty Times, he was "one of character most prodigally talented and successful musicians in American history."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Bernstein was aboriginal Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts, honourableness son of Ukrainian Jewish parents Jennie (née Resnick) and Samuel Joseph Composer, a hair-dressing supplies wholesaler originating let alone Rovno (actual Ukraine).^[4][5] He was throng together related to film composer Elmer Conductor. His family spent their summers battle their vacation home in Sharon, Colony. His grandmother insisted that his eminent name be Louis, but his parents always called him Leonard, because they liked the name more. He esoteric his name changed to Leonard ostensibly when he was fifteen, shortly associate his grandmother's death.^[6]

His father, Sam Director, was a businessman and owner symbolize a bookstore in downtown Lawrence; importance is standing today on the respite of Amesbury and Essex Streets. Sam initially opposed young Leonard's interest clasp music. Despite this, the elder Conductor frequently took him to orchestra concerts. At a very young age, Conductor listened to a piano performance tolerate was immediately captivated; he subsequently began learning the piano. As a kid, Bernstein attended the Garrison School distinguished Boston Latin School.^[7]

After graduation from Beantown Latin School in 1935, Bernstein anxious Harvard University, where he studied congregation with Walter Piston, the author admire many harmony and counterpoint textbooks, innermost was briefly associated with the Altruist Glee Club.^[8] One of his new zealand at Harvard was philosopher Donald Davidson, with whom he played piano quaternary hands. Bernstein wrote and conducted character musical score for the production Davidson mounted of Aristophanes' play The Birds in the original Greek. Bernstein reused some of this music in excellence ballet Fancy Free.

After completing his studies at Harvard, he enrolled at class Curtis Institute of Music in Metropolis, where he received the only "A" grade Fritz Reiner ever awarded breach his class on conducting.^{[citation needed]} On his time at Curtis, Bernstein as well studied piano with Isabelle Vengerova,^[9] instrumentation with Randall Thompson, counterpoint with Richard Stöhr, and score reading with Renée Longy Miquelle.^[10]

Early career

During his young grown up years in New York City, Composer enjoyed an exuberant social life lose concentration included relationships with both men arena women. After a long internal toss and a turbulent on-and-off engagement, be active married Chilean actress Felicia Cohn Montealegre on September 10, 1951, reportedly remit order to increase his chances get ahead obtaining the chief conducting position and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Dimitri Mitropoulos, conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Confederate and New York Philharmonic and Bernstein's mentor, advised him that marrying would help counter the gossip about him and appease the conservative BSO board.^[11]

Leonard and Felicia had three children, Jamie, Alexander, and Nina.^[12] During his wedded life, Bernstein tried to be laugh discreet as possible with his adulterous liaisons. But as he grew elder, and as the Gay Liberation partiality made great strides, Bernstein became other emboldened, eventually leaving Felicia to breathing with his lover, Tom Cothran. Dried out time after, Bernstein learned that enthrone wife was diagnosed with lung sarcoma. Bernstein moved back in with government wife and cared for her in a holding pattern she died on June 16, 1978.^[13]

Bernstein's sexuality has been a matter have a high regard for speculation and debate. Arthur Laurents (Bernstein's collaborator in West Side Story) voiced articulate that Bernstein was "a gay male who got married. He wasn't conflicted about it at all. He was just gay."^[14] Shirley Rhoades Perle, in relation to friend of Bernstein's, said that she thought "he required men sexually attend to women emotionally."^[15] It has been hinted at that Bernstein was actually bisexual, have in mind assertion supported by comments that Conductor himself made about not preferring rustic particular cuisine, musical genre, or epileptic fit of sex.

1940–1950

In 1940, Bernstein began his study at the Boston Orchestra Orchestra's summer institute, Tanglewood, under magnanimity orchestra's conductor, Serge Koussevitzky. Bernstein posterior became Koussevitzky's conducting assistant.^[16] He would later dedicate his Symphony No. 2 to Koussevitzky.^[17]

On November 14, 1943, securing recently been appointed assistant conductor show consideration for the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, lighten up made his conducting debut on haphazard notification—and without any rehearsal—after Bruno Conductor came down with the flu. Grandeur next day, The New York Times editorial remarked, "It's a good Denizen success story. The warm, friendly victory of it filled Carnegie Hall ray spread far over the air waves."^[18] He became instantly famous because nobility concert was nationally broadcast. The songster for that concert was Joseph Schuster, solo cellist of the New Dynasty Philharmonic, who played Richard Strauss's Don Quixote. Because Bernstein had never conducted the work before, Bruno Walter ormed him on it prior to significance concert. It is possible to realize this concert thanks to a record recording made from the CBS show broadcast that has since been finish a go over on CD.

After World War II, Bernstein's career on the international stage began to flourish. In 1946, he conducted opera for the first time, with the addition of the American première of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, which had been efficient Koussevitzky commission. That same year, Arturo Toscanini invited Bernstein to guest atmosphere two concerts with the NBC Opus Orchestra, one of which featured Composer as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G.^[19] In 1949, he conducted the world première of the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen, in Boston, lecture when Koussevitzky died two years after, Bernstein became head of the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood, tenancy this position for many years.

1951–1959

In 1951, Bernstein conducted the New York Symphony in the world première of position Symphony No. 2 of Charles Ives. The composer, old and frail, was unable to attend the concert, however listened to the broadcast on description radio with his wife, Harmony. Both of them marveled at the fervent reception of this symphony, which challenging actually been written between 1897 ride 1901, but had never been rank. Throughout his career, Bernstein did often to promote the music of that American composer. Ives died in 1954. Bernstein was also a visiting penalty professor in the early 1950s boss was the founder/head of the Imaginative Arts Festivals at Brandeis University overrun 1952 onward.^[20] The festival was forename after him in 2005, becoming blue blood the gentry Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Clever Arts.

Bernstein was named the principal controller of the New York Philharmonic layer 1957, replacing Dimitri Mitropoulos, and began his tenure in that position be glad about 1958, a post he held imminent 1969, although he continued to be in front and make recordings with that team up for the rest of his seek. He became a well-known figure boring the United States through his array of fifty-three televised Young People's Concerts for CBS, which grew out atlas his Omnibus programs that CBS very soon in the early 1950s. His regulate Young People's Concert was televised boss few weeks after his tenure sort principal conductor of the New Royalty Philharmonic began. He became as noted for his educational work in those concerts as for his conducting. Representation Bernstein Young People's Concerts were birth first, and still are the domineering successful, series of music appreciation programs ever done on television, and were highly acclaimed by critics.^[21] Some avail yourself of Bernstein's music lectures were released engorge records, with several of these albums winning Grammy awards.

The Young People's Concerts series remains the longest-running single vocation of classical music programs shown immature person commercial television. They ran from 1958 to 1973, and none of righteousness programs were repeated on television around the series' original run (there would usually be four programs per year). More than thirty years later, 25 of them were rebroadcast on excellence now-defunct cable channel Trio and were released on DVD by Kultur Video.

In 1947, Bernstein conducted in Tel Aviv for the first time, beginning well-ordered life-long association with Israel. In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert healthy the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv; he subsequently made many recordings relating to. In 1967, he conducted a make an effort on Mt. Scopus to commemorate goodness reunification of Jerusalem. During the Decennary, Bernstein recorded most of his stream symphonic music with the Israel Philharmonic.

The beginning of Bernstein's collaboration with the choreographer Jerome Choreographer and the writer Arthur Laurents dates from 1949; later they were married by Stephen Sondheim. After years be a witness intermittent work West Side Story acknowledged its Broadway premiere in 1957; neat musical that was to prove Bernstein's most enduring work.

In 1959, he took the New York Philharmonic on elegant tour of Europe and the State Union, portions of which were filmed by CBS. A highlight of probity tour was Bernstein's performance of Dmitri Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony, in the aspect of the composer, who came running stage at the end to felicitate Bernstein and the musicians. In Oct, when Bernstein and the orchestra mutual to New York, they recorded birth symphony for Columbia. He made bend in half recordings of Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony, amity with the New York Philharmonic boring the 1960s and another one calculate 1988 with the Chicago Symphony Party, the only recording he ever feeling with them (along with Shostakovich's Work No. 1, also recorded live quick-witted concerts at Orchestra Hall in City at that time).

1960–1969

In 1960, Bernstein began the first complete cycle of recordings in stereo of all nine accomplished symphonies by Gustav Mahler, with representation blessing of the composer's widow, Alma. The success of these recordings, be a consequence with Bernstein's concert performances, revived hint in Mahler, who had briefly back number music director of the New Dynasty Philharmonic late in his life. Go off at a tangent same year, Bernstein conducted an Research of his own score for decency 1944 musical On The Town, amuse stereo, the first such recording tip the score ever made, for Town Masterworks Records. Unlike his later recordings of his own musicals, this was originally issued as a single Counselling rather than a 2-record set. Say you will was later issued on CD. Primacy recording featured several members of primacy original Broadway cast, including Betty Comden and Adolph Green.

In one storied trouble, in April 1962, Bernstein appeared sign stage before a performance of say publicly BrahmsPiano Concerto No. 1 in Run minor. The soloist was the composer Glenn Gould. During rehearsals, Gould difficult to understand argued for tempi much broader stun normal, which did not reflect Bernstein's concept of the music. Bernstein gave a brief address to the company stating,

Don't be frightened; Mr. Gould quite good here (audience laughter). He will manifest in a moment. I'm not—um—as give orders know in the habit of administration on any concert except the Thursday-night previews, but a curious situation has arisen, which merits, I think, smart word or two. You are stoke of luck to hear a rather, shall surprise say, unorthodox performance of the Music D Minor Concerto, a performance certainly different from any I've ever heard, or even dreamt of for ramble matter, in its remarkably broad tempi and its frequent departures from Brahms' dynamic indications. I cannot say Raving am in total agreement with In the open. Gould's conception, and this raises nobility interesting question: "What am I experience conducting it?" (mild laughter from magnanimity audience). I'm conducting it because Notable. Gould is so valid and mammoth an artist that I must reduce seriously anything he conceives in fair faith, and his conception is juicy enough that I feel you forced to hear it, too.

But the age elderly question still remains: "In a concerto, who is the boss (audience laughter)—the soloist or the conductor?" (Audience banter grows louder). The answer is, delineate course, sometimes the one and every so often the other, depending on the dynasty involved. But almost always, the figure manage to get together by pressure or charm or even threats (audience laughs) to achieve a unified track record. I have only once before place in my life had to submit jump in before a soloist's wholly new and inapt concept and that was the solid time I accompanied Mr. Gould (audience laughs loudly). But, but this span, the discrepancies between our views absolute so great that I feel Side-splitting must make this small disclaimer. So why, to repeat the question, signify I conducting it? Why do Unrestrainable not make a minor scandal—get neat substitute soloist, or let an second conduct it?

Because I am fascinated, honoured to have the chance for marvellous new look at this much-played work; because, what's more, there are moments in Mr. Gould's performance that surface with astonishing freshness and conviction. Third, because we can all learn brink from this extraordinary artist who go over the main points a thinking performer, and finally in that there is in music what Dimitri Mitropoulos used to call "the sportive element" (mild audience laughter) —that issue of curiosity, adventure, experiment—and I pot assure you that it has back number an adventure this week (audience laughter) collaborating with Mr. Gould on that Brahms concerto, and it's in that spirit of adventure that we put in the picture present it to you.^[22]

This speech was subsequently interpreted by Harold C. Composer, music critic for The New Dynasty Times, as abdication of personal attentiveness and an attack on Gould, whose performance Schonberg went on to censure heavily. Bernstein always denied that that had been his intent and has stated that he made these remarks with Gould's blessing.^[23] Throughout his strive, he professed admiration and personal congeniality for Gould.

While New York Philharmonic selfopinionated, Bernstein was responsible for introducing justness symphonies of the Danish composer Carl Nielsen to American audiences, leading chisel a revival of interest in that composer whose reputation had previously anachronistic mostly regional. Bernstein recorded three chief Nielsen's symphonies (Nos. 2, 4, mushroom 5) with the Philharmonic, and subside recorded the composer's 3rd Symphony critical of a Danish orchestra after a strictly acclaimed public performance in Denmark.

In 1966, he made his debut at primacy Vienna State Opera conducting Luchino Visconti's production of Verdi's Falstaff, with Vocalist Fischer-Dieskau as Falstaff. In 1970, operate returned to the State Opera friendship Otto Schenk's production of Beethoven's Fidelio. Sixteen years later, at the Executive Opera, Bernstein conducted his sequel stop working Trouble in Tahiti,A Quiet Place. Bernstein's final farewell to the State Oeuvre happened accidentally in 1989: following unadorned performance of Modest Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, without fear unexpectedly entered the stage and embraced conductor Claudio Abbado in front holiday a cheering audience.

1970–1979

Beginning in 1970, Conductor conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, re-recording many pieces previously undertaken with blue blood the gentry New York Philharmonic, including the precise symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms, and Schumann. Some of the Mahler symphony recordings from Bernstein's second cycle for Deutsche Grammophone were also made with description Vienna Philharmonic.

Later that year, Bernstein wrote and narrated a ninety-minute program filmed on location in and around Vienna, featuring the Vienna Philharmonic with specified artists as Plácido Domingo, who stress his first television appearance performed in the same way the tenor soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. The program, first telecast display 1970 on Austrian and British upon, and then on CBS on Yule Eve 1971, was intended as nifty celebration of Beethoven's 200th birthday. Blue blood the gentry show made extensive use of representation rehearsals and finished performance of picture Otto Schenk production of Fidelio. Initially entitled Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration welloff Vienna, the show, which won distinction Emmy, was telecast only once reasoning U.S. commercial television, and it remained in CBS's vaults until it resurfaced on A&E shortly after Bernstein's attain, under the new title Bernstein smash up Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna. Cluster was immediately issued on VHS mess up that title, and in 2005 leave behind was issued on DVD.

The world opening night of Bernstein's MASS: A Theatre Fragment for Singers, Players, and Dancers occurred on September 8, 1971. Commissioned timorous Jacqueline Kennedy for the opening recognize the John F. Kennedy Center rep the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. it was partly intended as disentangle anti-war statement. Hastily written in room, the work represented a fusion shout only of different religious traditions (its texts juxtapose the Latin liturgy clip Hebrew prayer and plenty of parallel English lyrics) but also of distinguishable musical styles. Originally a target decompose criticism from the Catholic Church make dirty the one hand and contemporary concerto critics who objected to its Broadway/populist elements on the other, the Fire has however since been embraced overstep the church. It was performed be inspired by Vatican City in 2000.

In 1972, subside recorded a performance of Bizet's Carmen, with Marilyn Horne in the inscription role and James McCracken as Exculpation Jose, after leading several stage move of the opera. The recording was one of the first in reproducer to use the original spoken chat between the sung portions of honesty opera, rather than the musical recitatives that were composed by Ernest Guiraud after Bizet's death.

Bernstein was invited sight 1973 to the Charles Eliot Norton Chair as Professor of Poetry exploit his alma mater, Harvard University, calculate deliver a series of six lectures on music. Borrowing the title pass up a Charles Ives work, he cryed the series "The Unanswered Question"; show somebody the door is a set of interdisciplinary lectures in which he borrows terminology evade contemporary linguistics to analyze and look like musical construction to language. Three epoch later, in 1976, the series prop up videotaped lectures was telecast on PBS. The lectures survive in both exact and DVD form. Noam Chomsky wrote in 2007 on the Znet forums about the linguistic aspects of justness lecture: "I spent some time look into Bernstein during the preparation and execution of the lectures. My feeling was that he was onto something, on the other hand I couldn't really judge how weighty it was."

In 1978, the Otto SchenkFidelio, with Bernstein still conducting, but featuring a different cast, was filmed soak Unitel. Like the program Bernstein lay waste Beethoven, it was shown on A&E after his death and subsequently go on VHS. Although the video has long been out of print, wear and tear was released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon in late 2006.

In May 1978, the Israel Philharmonic played two U.S. concerts under his direction to get down the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Orchestra under that fame. On consecutive nights, the Orchestra do Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Bernstein's Chichester Psalms at the Kennedy Center engage Washington, D.C., and at Carnegie Entry in NYC.

In 1979, Bernstein conducted leadership Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for the head and only time, in two munificence concerts. The performance, of Mahler's One-ninth Symphony, was broadcast on radio take was posthumously released on CD.

1980–1990

Bernstein usual the Kennedy Center Honors award encompass 1980.

On PBS in the 1980s, put your feet up was the conductor and commentator storeroom a special series on Beethoven's euphony, which featured the Vienna Philharmonic bringing off all nine Beethoven symphonies, several indifference his overtures, one of the fibre quartets arranged for the full document section of the Vienna Philharmonic, accept the Missa Solemnis. Actor Maximilian Schell was also featured on the syllabus, reading from Beethoven's letters. This rooms has since been released on DVD.

In 1982, he and Ernest Fleischmann supported the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, neighbourhood he served as Artistic Director encapsulate 1984.

Leonard Bernstein was a regular company conductor of The Royal Concertgebouw Combination in Amsterdam. In the 1980s, fair enough recorded, among other pieces, Mahler's Control, Second, Fourth, and Ninth Symphonies mess up them.

In 1985, he conducted a abundant recording of his score for West Side Story for the first come to rest only time. The recording, much criticized for featuring what critics felt were miscast opera singers such as Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, and Tatiana Troyanos in the leading roles, was nevertheless a national bestseller.

In 1989, Director again conducted and recorded another liquidate performance of one of his musicals, again featuring opera singers rather overrun Broadway stars. This time it was Candide, and because the show was always intended to be an operetta, the recording made from it was much more warmly received. The completion was released posthumously on CD (in 1991). It starred Jerry Hadley, June Anderson, Adolph Green, and Christa Ludwig in the leading roles. The Candide recording, unlike the West Side Story one, included previously discarded numbers deprive the show.

A TV documentary of the West Select Story recording sessions was made cage 1985, and the Candide recording was made live, in concert. This concurrence was eventually telecast posthumously.

On Christmas Cause a rift, December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in East Berlin's Schauspielhaus (Playhouse) as part of copperplate celebration of the fall of integrity Berlin Wall. The concert was stem live in more than twenty countries to an estimated audience of Century million people. For the occasion, Conductor reworded Friedrich Schiller's text of rendering Ode to Joy, substituting the signal Freiheit (freedom) for Freude (joy).^[24] Director, in the introduction to the information, said that they had "taken influence liberty" of doing this because consume a "most likely phony" story, plainly believed in some quarters, that Author wrote an "Ode to Freedom" wander is now presumed lost. Bernstein's notice was, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."

Bernstein conducted his final performance at Tanglewood calibrate August 19, 1990, with the Beantown Symphony playing Benjamin Britten's "Four Deep blue sea Interludes" from Peter Grimes, and Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.^[25] He suffered a expiration fit in the middle of description Beethoven performance which almost caused ethics concert to break down. The go to the trouble of was later issued on CD exceed Deutsche Grammophon.

He died of pneumonia gift a pleural tumor just five times after retiring.^[3] A longtime heavy consumer, he had battled emphysema from surmount mid-50s. On the day of wreath funeral procession through the streets be proper of Manhattan, construction workers removed their hats and waved, yelling "Goodbye, Lenny."^[26] Director is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Borough, New York.

Influence

Bernstein was highly regarded considerably a conductor among many musicians, as well as the members of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, evidenced by his honorary membership; the London Symphony Orchestra, of which he was President; and the Kingdom Philharmonic Orchestra, with which he comed regularly as guest conductor. He was considered especially accomplished with the mechanism of Gustav Mahler; with his fine compositions; and with American composers Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, William Schuman, give orders to George Gershwin. His recordings of Rhapsody in Blue (full-orchestra version) and An American in Paris with the Symphony, released in 1959, are considered decisive by many, although for reasons unidentified Bernstein always cut the Rhapsody marginally. Unfortunately, he never conducted a carrying out of Gershwin's Piano Concerto in Dictator, nor did he ever conduct Porgy and Bess. However, he did converse about Porgy in his article, Why Don't You Run Upstairs and Write deft Nice Gershwin Tune?, originally published harvest The New York Times and ulterior reprinted in his 1959 book The Joy of Music.

He had a give to for rehearsing an entire Mahler opus by acting out every phrase use the orchestra to convey the definite meaning and by emitting a put into words manifestation of the effect required.

Bernstein difficult a notably exuberant conducting style. Take steps strayed far from classic conducting techniques, using his whole body to wheedle the best out of his ribbon, and had evident fun doing so.

Bernstein influenced many conductors who are acting now, such as Marin Alsop, Vanquisher Frey, John Mauceri, Seiji Ozawa, Carl St.Clair, and Michael Tilson Thomas. Conductor made his first network television premiere as the guest conductor on collective of the Young People's Concerts.

"Leonard Bernstein" is famously one of the solitary lines of the verses of R.E.M.'s single It's The End Of Say publicly World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine) which can intelligibly be heard.

Recordings

Bernstein recorded extensively from representation 1950s until just a few months before his death. Aside from splendid few early recordings in the mid-1940s for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded above all for Columbia Masterworks Records, especially like that which he was music director of righteousness New York Philharmonic. Many of these performances have been digitally remastered existing reissued by Sony as part work the "Royal Edition" and "Bernstein Century" series. His later recordings (1976 onwards) were mostly made for Deutsche Grammophon, though he would occasionally return elect the Columbia Masterworks label. Notable exceptions include recordings of Gustav Mahler's Song of the Earth and Mozart's Ordinal piano concerto and "Linz" symphony collide with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Decca Records (1966); Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (1976) for EMI; and Wagner's Tristan circle Isolde (1981) for Philips Records, splendid label joint with Deutsche Grammophon orang-utan PolyGram at that time.

In August 2008, Sony BMG Masterworks released a 10-disc set of Bernstein's recordings of dominion own works as a composer, The Original Jacket Collection: Bernstein Conducts Bernstein^[27], which heralds the Bernstein Festival pivotal the Bernstein Mass Project. Carnegie Portico and the New York Philharmonic's three-month program of events, entitled Bernstein: Righteousness Best of All Possible Worlds, pays tribute to each aspect of Bernstein's legacy with 50 concerts and teaching events. 2008 also marked the Lxv anniversary of Bernstein's historic Carnegie Ticket debut.

Works

Ballet

• Fancy Free, 1944
• Facsimile- Choreographic Essay funds Orchestra, 1946
• Dybbuk (ballet), 1974

Opera

Musicals

Incidental Music & Other Theatre

Film Scores

Orchestral

• Symphony No. 1, Jeremiah, 1942
• Fancy Free and Three Dance Uncertainties from "Fancy Free,", concert premiere 1946
• Three Dance Episodes from "On the Town," concert premiere 1947
• Symphony No. 2, The Age of Anxiety, (after W. Swivel. Auden) for Piano and Orchestra, 1949 (revised in 1965)
• Serenade for Solo Tamper with, Strings, Harp and Percussion (after Plato's "Symposium"), 1954
• Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs make it to Solo Clarinet and Jazz Ensemble, 1949
• Symphonic Suite from "On the Waterfront", 1955
• Symphonic Dances from "West Side Story", 1961
• Symphony No. 3, Kaddish, for Orchestra, Cross-bred Chorus, Boys' Choir, Speaker and Intoxicated Solo, 1963 (revised in 1977)
• Dybbuk, Suites No. 1 and 2 for Tie, concert premieres 1975
• Songfest: A Cycle appreciate American Poems for Six Singers have a word with Orchestra, 1977
• Three Meditations from "Mass" Violoncello and Orchestra, 1977
• Slava! A Federal Overture for Orchestra, 1977
• Divertimento for Orchestra, 1980
• Halil, nocturne for Solo Flute, Piccolo, Alto Flute, Percussion, Harp and Complications, 1981
• Concerto for Orchestra, 1989 (Originally Jubilee Games from 1986, revised in 1989)
• Overture to Candide

Choral

• Hashkiveinu for Cantor (tenor), Heterogeneous Chorus and Organ, 1945
• Missa Brevis preventable Mixed Chorus and Countertenor Solo, snatch Percussion, 1988
• Chichester Psalms for Boy Exhilarated (or Countertenor), Mixed Chorus, and Corps, 1965 (Reduced version for Organ, Snub and Percussion)

Chamber music

Vocal music

• I Hate Music: A cycle of Five Kids Songs for Soprano and Piano, 1943
• Big Stuff, sung by Billie Holiday
• La Bonne Cuisine: Four Recipes for Voice and Piano, 1948
• Silhouette (Galilee), 1951
• Two Love Songs, 1960
• So Pretty, 1968
• Piccola Serenata, 1988
• Arias and Barcarolles for Mezzo-Soprano, Baritone and Piano four-hands, 1988

Piano Music

• Music for Two Pianos, 1937
• Piano Sonata, 1938
• 7 Anniversaries, 1944
• 4 Anniversaries, 1948
• 5 Anniversaries, 1952
• Bridal Suite, 1960
• Moby Diptych, 1981 (republished as Anniversaries nos. 1 nearby 2 in Thirteen Anniversaries)
• Touches, 1981
• 13 Anniversaries, 1988

Other music

• Other occasional works, written primate gifts and other forms of headstone and tribute
• "The Skin of Our Teeth": An aborted work from which Director took material to use in consummate "Chichester Psalms"
• "Simhu Na" (arrangement of understood song)
• "Waltz for Mippy" for Tuba good turn Piano
• "Elegy for Mippy II" for Trombone alone
• "Elegy for Mippy I" for Scare and Piano
• "Rondo for Lifey" for Crow and Piano

This list is incomplete; ready to react can help by expanding it.

Bibliography

Videography

• The Unnoticed Question: Six Talks at Harvard. Westerly Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Recording. VHS ISBN 1561275700. DVD ISBN 0769715702. (videotape of the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures given at Harvard in 1973.)
• Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with magnanimity New York Philharmonic. West Long Organ of flight, New Jersey: Kultur Video. DVD ISBN 0769715036.
• Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration uphold Vienna/Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1. Westerly Long Branch, Kultur Video. DVD
• Leonard Bernstein: Omnibus - The Historic TV Broadcasts ,2010, E1 Ent.
• Bernstein: Reflections (1978), Euroarts.

Awards

Main article: List of Leonard Bernstein awards

Further reading

• Burton, Humphrey (1994). Leonard Bernstein. Original York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385423454. 
• Gottlieb, Jack (ed.) (1992). Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts (revised ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0385424353. 
• Bernstein, Burton; Haws, Barbara, eds (2008). Leonard Bernstein: American Original. Contains chapters fail to notice Alan Rich, Paul Boyer, Carol Itemize. Oja, Tim Page, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Horowitz, Bill McGlaughlin, Felon M. Keller, and John Adams. Virgin York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0061537861. 
• Chapin, Schuyler (1992). Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend. Pristine York: Walker. ISBN 0802712169. 
• Rozen, Brian D. (1997). The Contributions of Leonard Bernstein colloquium Music Education: An Analysis of queen 53 Young People's Concerts. Thesis (Ph.D.). Rochester, New York: University of City. OCLC 48156751. 
• Laird, Paul R. (2002). Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-3517-2.  (online at Google Books)

References

External links

• Leonard Director official site
• Discography
• The Leonard Bernstein Collection belittling the Library of Congress Music Division
• Leonard Bernstein discography at MusicBrainz
• Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
• Bernstein's Boston, a Harvard University evaluation project
• Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Nifty Arts
• Gay Great - Leonard Bernstein
• Radical Chic, a book by Tom Wolfe voice-over a gathering at Bernstein's apartment take up New York's social elite and righteousness Black Panther Party.
• Leonard Bernstein: A Sum total Embrace of Music, written by Shaft Gutmann, music journalist.
• Arias and Barcarolles, Goodness Leonard Bernstein Pages
• Leonard Bernstein at interpretation Internet Movie Database
• Leonard Bernstein at say publicly Internet Broadway Database
• Leonard Bernstein at greatness Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Leonard Bernstein's maximum ticket from Israel
• Obituary, New York Times, Oct 15, 1990
• Leonard Bernstein: American Original (HarperCollins, 2008) Chapters by Alan Rich, Saint Boyer, Carol J. Oja, Tim Bankruptcy, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Pianist, Bill McGlaughlin, James M. Keller, Gents Adams