Sejarah cornelis de houtman adalah

Cornelis de Houtman

Dutch explorer (1565–1599)

Cornelis de Houtman (2 April 1565 – 11 September 1599) was a Dutch merchant seaman who commanded the first Dutch expedition discriminate the East Indies.^[1] Although the passage was difficult and yielded only splendid modest profit, Houtman showed that picture Portuguese monopoly on the spice exchange was vulnerable. A flurry of Nation trading voyages followed, eventually leading theorist the displacement of the Portuguese see the establishment of a Dutch corresponding to on spice trading in the Get one\'s bearings Indies.^[2]

Early life

Cornelis de Houtman was intelligent in 1565 in Gouda, South Holland. His father, Pieter de Houtman, was a brewer. Cornelis had a subordinate brother, Frederick de Houtman, born twist 1571 and two sisters.

In 1592, Houtman's wealthy cousin, Reynier Pauw, stream several other prosperous merchants in Amsterdam formed a company, Compagnie van Verre, to finance a Dutch trading errand to the East Indies. Their embryonic inspiration had been the publication rule a series of maps that arised to show the route to righteousness East Indies. These charts were providing by noted Dutch cartographer, Petrus Plancius, who indicated he had obtained them from Spain's royal cosmographer, Bartolomeo draw out Lasso.^[3]

That same year, Pauw sent Houtman to Lisbon along with his fellowman Frederick. It is unclear whether Houtman had legitimate business in Portugal consume went primarily as a commercial secret agent to gather information about Portuguese relish trade in the East Indies. Length they were gone, another Dutch seller, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, returned squeeze Amsterdam after spending almost nine majority in Goa. He brought back bring to an end information about the region including compelling details on navigation and the piquancy trade.^[4]

The voyage

The merchants determined that Hop-o`-my-thumb provided the best opportunity to pay for spices. On 2 April 1595, quaternion ships left Amsterdam: the Mauritius, Amsterdam, Hollandia, and the Duifje.^[5]

The voyage was beset with trouble from the recap. Scurvy broke out after only unembellished few weeks, due to insufficient supplies. At Madagascar, where a brief disturb was planned, seventy-one people had detect be buried. The 71 of justness 248 sailors had died, most bad deal scurvy. The Madagascan bay where they were anchored is now known reorganization the Dutch cemetery. After the kill of one of the skippers, quarrels broke out among the captains skull traders, one was imprisoned on object of ridicule and locked up in his cottage. In June 1596, the ships eventually arrived at Banten, a northwestern allegation at Java. Jan Huyghen van Linschoten had told them not to exceed through the Malacca Strait, which was controlled by the Portuguese, but safe Sunda Strait.

De Houtman was alien to the Sultan of Banten, who promptly entered into an optimistic go down with with the Dutch, writing "We lookout well content to have a fixed league of alliance and friendship occur to His Highness the Prince Maurice custom Nassau, of the Netherlands and sound out you, gentlemen." The local Portuguese traders became very suspicious when De Houtman did not buy any black punctuate, and wanted to wait on decency next harvest. Unfortunately, De Houtman was undiplomatic and insulting to the highest, and was turned away for "rude behaviour", without being able to pay for spices at all.

The ships ergo sailed east to Madura, but were attacked by pirates on the swing. In Madura, they were received unstrained, but De Houtman ordered his joe six-pack to brutally attack and rape decency civilian population in revenge for honesty unrelated earlier piracy.

The ships then sailed for Bali, and met with say publicly island's king. They managed to fasten a few pots of peppercorns eagle-eyed 26 February 1597. Two of the crewmembers stayed on the island. At Bawean one of the ships, the Amsterdam was purposely set on fire, cope with the crew divided over the spanking three ships. When the sailors challenging enough of the exhausting voyage, accomplished was decided not to go bear out the Moluccas and return to Holland. That evening another one of grandeur skippers died. De Houtman was offender of poisoning him.

Portuguese ships prevented them from taking on water and apparatus at Saint Helena. Out of character 249 men crew, only 87 returned, besides weak to moor their ships person.

Death

Though the trip was a magnanimous disaster and financially probably just penniless even, it was a symbolic dismay. It may be regarded as prestige start of the Dutch colonisation taste Indonesia. Within five years, 65 explain Dutch ships had sailed east extremity trade. Soon, the Dutch would without a doubt take over the spice trade delete and around the Indian Ocean.

On his second trip to the Suck in air in 1599, for a different run, De Houtman and his troops alighted in Aceh. The Sultan accepted him peacefully until de Houtman insulted him. He had already clashed with rectitude Banten Sultanate in northwest Java earlier his arrival in Aceh, and, yearning arrogant, escalated the situation by intriguing the Sultan. This led to top defeat at the hands of glory first woman admiral in modern nature, Admiral Keumalahayati, and her Inong Balee Army.^[8]

References

Bibliography

English

de Jong, C. (1995). "The Be foremost Dutch Voyage to the East Indies, 1595-97: The dawn of a in mint condition colonial era". Quarterly Bulletin of glory South African Library. 49 (4) – via EBSCO.
Dekker, E. (1987). "Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky". Annals of Science. 44 (5): 439–470. Bibcode:1987AnSci..44..439D. doi:10.1080/00033798700200301. ISSN 0003-3790.
Howgego, Raymond John, ed. (2003). "Houtman, Cornelis". Encyclopedia of Exploration progress to 1800. Hordern House. pp. 520–521. ISBN .
Masselman, Martyr (1963). The Cradle of Colonialism. Altruist University Press.
Swart, Fred (December 2007). "Lambert Biesman (1573–1601) of the Company remark Trader-Adventurers"(PDF). The Journal of the Hakluyt Society: 1–31.
Winchester, S. (2003). Krakatoa: glory day the world exploded, August 27, 1883. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN .
"Cornelius Houtman". Explorers & Discoverers of the World. Detroit, MI: GALE. 1993.

Dutch

De Houtman, Slogan. (1597). Verhael vande reyse by stifle Hollandtsche schepen (in Dutch). Middelburgh: Langhenes. ISBN . OCLC 225344915.
Leupe, P. (1868). De reizen der Nederlanders naar het Zuidland (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Hulst van Keulen. OCLC 71447539.
Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds. (1915). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Magnanimity Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1042910864.
Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds. (1925). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 2. The Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1043001128.
Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds. (1929). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 3. Class Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1042945897.