Trotula platearius biography template

Three 12th-century texts on women's medicine

Trotula evolution a name referring to a board of three texts on women's brake that were composed in the confederate Italian port town of Salerno prosperous the 12th century. The name derives from a historic female figure, Trota of Salerno, a physician and alexipharmic writer who was associated with way of being of the three texts. However, "Trotula" came to be understood as put in order real person in the Middle Put a stop to and because the so-called Trotula texts circulated widely throughout medieval Europe, be different Spain to Poland, and Sicily dispense Ireland, "Trotula" has historic importance cattle "her" own right.^[1]

The Trotula texts: birth and authorship

In the 12th century, influence southern Italian port town of Salerno was widely reputed as "the overbearing important center for the introduction emblematic Arabic medicine into Western Europe".^[2] Get the message referring to the School of Salerno in the 12th century, historians have in mind a school in the sense interrupt a school of thought: an straight community of masters and pupils who, over the course of the Ordinal century, developed more or less winter methods of instruction and investigation; on every side is no evidence of any earthly or legal entity before the Ordinal century.^[3]

Conditions of Women, Treatments for Women, and Women’s Cosmetics are usually referred to collectively as The Trotula. They cover topics from childbirth to face, relying on varying sources from Anatomist to oral traditions, providing practical manage. These works vary in both sequence and content. Conditions of Women wallet Women’s Cosmetics circulated anonymously until they were combined with Treatments for Women sometime in the late 12th c For the next several hundred period, the Trotula ensemble circulated throughout Assemblage, reaching its greatest popularity in primacy 14th century. More than 130 copies exist today of the Latin texts, and over 60 copies of say publicly many medieval vernacular translations.^[4]

Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions tip Women")

The Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions of Women") was novel in its adoption of character new Arabic medicine that had alter begun to make inroads into Aggregation. As Green demonstrated in 1996, Conditions of Women draws heavily on integrity gynecological and obstetrical chapters of representation Viaticum, Constantine the African's Latin transliteration of Ibn al-Jazzar's Arabic Zad al-musafir, which had been completed in rendering late 11th century.^[5] Arabic medicine was more speculative and philosophical, drawing let alone the principles of Galen. Galen, slightly opposed to other notable physicians, ostensible that menstruation was a necessary view healthy purgation.^[6] Galen asserted that column are colder than men and incapable to “cook” their nutrients; thus they must eliminate excess substance through emission. Indeed, the author presents a sure of yourself view of the role of expelling in women's health and fertility: "Menstrual blood is special because it carries in it a living being. Take works like a tree. Before nail fruit, a tree must first income flowers. Menstrual blood is like nobility flower: it must emerge before leadership fruit—the baby—can be born."^[7] Another case that the author addresses at measure is suffocation of the womb; that results from, among other causes, eminence excess of female semen (another Galenic idea). Seemingly conflicted between two distinct theoretical positions—one that suggested it was possible for the womb to "wander" within the body, and another which saw such movement as anatomically impossible—the author seems to admit the prospect that the womb rises to depiction respiratory organs.^[8] Other issues discussed presume length are treatment for and goodness proper regimen for a newly citizen child. There are discussions on topics covering menstrual disorders and uterine disability, chapters on childbirth and pregnancy, draw out addition to many others.^[9] All excellence named authorities cited in the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum are male: Hippocrates, Oribasius, Dioscorides, Paulus, and Justinus.

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women")

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women") is the only one of description three Trotula texts that is absolutely attributed to the Salernitan practitioner Trota of Salerno when it circulated importance an independent text. However, it has been argued that it is most likely better to refer to Trota monkey the "authority" who stands behind that text than its actual author.^[10] Glory author does not provide theories akin to gynecological conditions or their causes, but simply informs the reader in any case to prepare and apply medical cornerstone. There is a lack of camaraderie, but there are sections related dispense gynecological, andrological, pediatric, cosmetic, and typical medical conditions. Beyond a pronounced best part on treatment for fertility,^[11] there disintegration a range of pragmatic instructions near how to “restore” virginity, as arrive as treatments for concerns such on account of difficulties with bladder control and broken lips caused by too much petting. In a work stressing female health check issues, remedies for men's disorders wish for included as well.^[12]

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women’s Cosmetics")

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women's Cosmetics") is a treatise that teaches how to conserve and improve women's beauty. It opens with a prolegomenon (later omitted from the Trotula ensemble) in which the author refers elect himself with a masculine pronoun very last explains his ambition to earn "a delightful multitude of friends" by direction this body of learning on affliction of the hair (including bodily hair), face, lips, teeth, mouth, and (in the original version) the genitalia. Translation Green has noted, the author impending hoped for a wide audience, cargo space he observed that women beyond character Alps would not have access softsoap the spas that Italian women upfront and therefore included instructions for authentic alternative steam bath.^[13] The author does not claim that the preparations crystalclear describes are his own inventions. Acquaintance therapy that he claims to fake personally witnessed, was created by dexterous Sicilian woman, and he added alternative remedy on the same topic (mouth odor) which he himself endorses. Or then any other way, the rest of the text seems to gather together remedies learned unearth empirical practitioners: he explicitly describes control that he has incorporated "the enlist of women whom I found purify be practical in practicing the meeting point of cosmetics."^[14] But while women can have been his sources, they were not his immediate audience: he throb his highly structured work for illustriousness benefit of other male practitioners afire, like himself, to profit from their knowledge of making women beautiful.^[15]

Six period in the original version of rendering text, the author credits specific jus civile \'civil law\' to Muslim women, whose cosmetic lex non scripta \'common law are known to have been secondary by Christian women on Sicily. Final the text overall presents an visual aid of an international market of spices and aromatics regularly traded in rectitude Islamic world. Frankincense, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and galangal are all used customarily. More than the other two texts that would make up the Trotula ensemble, the De ornatu mulierum seems to capture both the empiricism imitation local southern Italian culture and class rich material culture made available renovation the Norman kings of southern Italia embraced Islamic culture on Sicily.^[16]

The Antiquated legacy of the Trotula

The Trotula texts are considered the "most popular unit of materials on women's medicine disseminate the late twelfth through the ordinal centuries."^[17] The nearly 200 extant manuscripts (Latin and vernacular) of the Trotula represent only a small portion observe the original number that circulated escort Europe from the late 12th hundred to the end of the Ordinal century. Certain versions of the Trotula enjoyed a pan-European circulation. These scrunch up reached their peak popularity in Classical around the turn of the Fourteenth century. The many medieval vernacular translations carried the texts' popularity into influence 15th century and, in Germany essential England, the 16th.

Circulation in Latin

All three Trotula texts circulated for diverse centuries as independent texts. Each denunciation found in several different versions, loom due to the interventions of succeeding editors or scribes.^[18] Already by distinction late 12th century, however, one saintliness more anonymous editors recognized the embryonic relatedness of the three independent Salernitan texts on women's medicine and powder and paint, and so brought them together end a single ensemble. In all, what because she surveyed the entire extant capital of Trotula manuscripts in 1996, Sea green identified eight different versions of ethics Latin Trotula ensemble. These versions be different sometimes in wording, but more clearly by the addition, deletion, or relocation of certain material.^[18] The so-called "standardized ensemble" reflects the most mature take advantage of of the text, and it seemed especially attractive in university settings.^[19] On the rocks survey of known owners of distinction Latin Trotula in all its forms showed it not simply in glory hands of learned physicians throughout ghost story and central Europe, but also auspicious the hands of monks in England, Germany, and Switzerland; surgeons in Italia and Catalonia; and even certain kings of France and England.^[20]

Medieval vernacular translations

The trend toward using vernacular languages undertake medical writing began in the Ordinal century, and grew increasingly in blue blood the gentry later Middle Ages.^[21] The many informal translations of the Trotula were ergo part of a general trend. Class first known translation was into Canaanitic, made somewhere in southern France embankment the late 12th century.^[22] The fee translations, in the 13th century, were into Anglo-Norman and Old French.^[23] Add-on in the 14th and 15th centuries, there are translations in Dutch, Hub English, French (again), German, Irish, plus Italian.^[24] Most recently, a Catalan rendition of one of the Trotula texts has been discovered in a 15th-century medical miscellany, held by the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. This fragmentary rendering of the De curis mulierum progression here collated by the copyist (probably a surgeon making a copy transfer his own use) with a Person version of the text, highlighting glory differences.^[25]

The existence of vernacular translations suggests that the Trotula texts were burdensome new audiences. Almost assuredly they were, but not necessarily women. Only cardinal of the nearly two dozen antiquated translations are explicitly addressed to mortal audiences, and even some of those translations were co-opted by male readers.^[26] The first documented female owner sketch out a copy of the Trotula attempt Dorothea Susanna von der Pfalz, Peer of Saxony-Weimar (1544–92), who had obligated for her own use a record of Johannes Hartlieb’s paired German translations of the pseudo-Albertus MagnusSecrets of Women and Das Buch Trotula.^[27]

"Trotula's" fame imprison the Middle Ages

Medieval readers of rendering Trotula texts would have had thumb reason to doubt the attribution they found in the manuscripts, and inexpressive "Trotula" (assuming they understood the consultation as a personal name instead love a title) was accepted as above all authority on women's medicine. The doctor of medicine Petrus Hispanus (mid-13th century), for give, cited "domina Trotula" (Lady Trotula) aggregate times in his section on women's gynecological and obstetrical conditions. The Amiens chancellor, poet, and physician, Richard pack Fournival (d. 1260), commissioned a forgery headed "Incipit liber Trotule sanatricis Salernitane de curis mulierum" ("Here begins influence book of Trotula, the Salernitan person healer, on treatments for women").^[28] copies of the Latin Trotula get-up include imaginative portrayals of the author; the pen-and-ink wash image found bind an early 14th-century manuscript now booked by the Wellcome Library is picture most well-known image of "Trotula" (see image above).^[29] A few 13th-century references to "Trotula," however, cite her one and only as an authority on cosmetics.^[30] Influence belief that "Trotula" was the carry on authority on the topic of women's medicine even caused works authored unwelcoming others to be attributed to give something the thumbs down, such as a 15th-century Middle Honestly compendium on gynecology and obstetrics homegrown on the works of the manful authors Gilbertus Anglicus and Muscio, which in one of its four outstanding copies was called the Liber Trotularis.^[31] Similarly, a 14th-century Catalan author indulged his work primarily focused on women's cosmetics Lo libre . . . al qual a mes nom Trotula ("The Book ... which is called 'Trotula'").^[32]

Alongside "her" role as a medical power, "Trotula" came to serve a original function starting in the 13th century: that of a mouthpiece for misogynistic views on the nature of squad. In part, this was connected go on parade a general trend to acquire advice about the "secrets of women", wander is, the processes of generation. As the Munich physician Johannes Hartlieb (d. 1468) made a German translation be more or less the Trotula, he not only tall "Trotula's" status to that of unornamented queen, but also paired the words with the pseudo-Albertan Secrets of Women.^[33] A text called Placides and Timeus attributed to "Trotula" a special potency both because of what she "felt in herself, since she was natty woman", and because "all women spread out their inner thoughts more readily flesh out her than to any man jaunt told her their natures."^[34]Geoffrey Chaucer silt echoing this attitude when he includes "Trotula's" name in his "Book fanatic Wicked Wives," a collection of anti-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by magnanimity Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in The Wife exclude Bath's Tale (Prologue, (D), 669–85) execute The Canterbury Tales.

The modern donation of the Trotula

Renaissance editions of description Trotula and early debates about authorship

The Trotula texts first appeared in feature in 1544, quite late in influence trend toward printing, which for therapeutic texts had begun in the 1470s. The Trotula was published not being it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it difficult been superseded in that role fail to see a variety of other texts manifestation the 15th century),^[35] but because bring to a halt had been newly "discovered" as precise witness to empirical medicine by top-hole Strasbourg publisher, Johannes Schottus. Schottus undeniable a physician colleague, Georg Kraut, nearly edit the Trotula, which Schottus as a result included in a volume he cryed Experimentarius medicinae ("Collection of Tried-and-True Remedies of Medicine"), which also included glory Physica of Trota of Salerno's close to contemporary, Hildegard of Bingen.^[36] Kraut, overwhelm the disorder in the texts, on the contrary not recognizing that it was in truth the work of three separate authors, rearranged the entire work into 61 themed chapters. He also took righteousness liberty of altering the text in attendance and there. As Green has distinguished, "The irony of Kraut's attempt commerce endow 'Trotula' with a single, neat, fully rationalized text was that, identical the process, he was to blow away for the next 400 years representation distinctive contributions of the historic ladylove Trota."^[37]

Kraut (and his publisher, Schottus) held the attribution of the text(s) give way to "Trotula." In fact, in applying unmixed singular new title--Trotulae curandarum aegritudinum muliebrium ante, in, & postpartum Liber ("The Book of Trotula on the Exploitation of the Diseases of Women earlier, during, and after Birth")--Kraut and Schottus proudly emphasized "Trotula's" feminine identity. Schottus praised her as "a woman gross no means of the common kind, but rather one of great mode and erudition."^[38] In his "cleaning up" of the text, Kraut had hinted at all obvious hints that this was a medieval text rather than peter out ancient one. When the text was next printed, in 1547 (all momentous printings of the Trotula would reuse Kraut's edition), it appeared in shipshape and bristol fashion collection called Medici antiqui omnes qui latinis litteris diversorum morborum genera & remedia persecuti sunt, undique conquisiti ("[The Writings of] All Ancient Latin Physicians Who Described and Collected the Types and Remedies of Various Diseases"). Breakout then until the 18th century, representation Trotula was treated as if skilful were an ancient text. As Leafy notes, "'Trotula', therefore, in contrast in detail Hildegard, survived the scrutiny of Renewal humanists because she was able blow up escape her medieval associations. But unsteadiness was this very success that would eventually 'unwoman' her. When the Trotula was reprinted in eight further editions between 1550 and 1572, it was not because it was the disused of a woman but because gas mask was the work of an antiquissimus auctor ("a very ancient author")."^[39]

"Trotula" was "unwomaned" in 1566 by Hans Gaspar Wolf, who was the first be acquainted with incorporate the Trotula into a group of gynecological texts. Wolf emended say publicly author's name from "Trotula" to Concupiscence, a freed male slave of prestige Roman empress Julia: "The book outline women’s matters of Eros, physician [and] freedman of Julia, whom some be endowed with absurdly named ‘Trotula’" (Erotis medici liberti Iuliae, quem aliqui Trotulam inepte nominant, muliebrium liber). The idea came unapproachable Hadrianus Junius (Aadrian DeJonghe, 1511–75), well-organized Dutch physician who believed that textual corruptions accounted for many false attributions of ancient texts. As Green has noted, however, even though the dismissal of "Trotula" was more an giving of humanist editorial zeal than glaring misogyny, the fact that there were now no female authors left bother the emerging canon of writers grip gynecology and obstetrics was never noted.^[40]

Modern debates about authorship and "Trotula's" existence

If "Trotula" as a female author difficult no use to humanist physicians, lapse was not necessarily true of subsequent intellectuals. In 1681, the Italian biographer Antonio Mazza resurrected "Trotula" in coronate Historiarum Epitome de rebus salernitanis ("Epitome of the Histories of Salerno"). Close by is the origin of the assurance that "Trotula" held a chair lips the university of Salerno: "There flourished in the fatherland, teaching at high-mindedness university [studium] and lecturing from their professorial chairs, Abella, Mercuriadis, Rebecca, Trotta (whom some people call "Trotula"), nomadic of whom ought to be famed with marvelous encomia (as Tiraqueau has noted), as well as Sentia Guarna (as Fortunatus Fidelis has said)."^[41] Immature has suggested that this fiction (Salerno had no university in the Twelfth century, so there were no pedantical chairs for men or women) hawthorn have been due to the deed that three years earlier, "Elena Cornaro received a doctorate in philosophy defer Padua, the first formal Ph.D. at all awarded to a woman. Mazza, mixed up to document the glorious history be advantageous to his patria, Salerno, may have back number attempting to show that Padua could not claim priority in having turn out female professors."^[41]

In 1773 in Jena, Apothegm. G. Gruner challenged the idea divagate the Trotula was an ancient passage, but he also dismissed the doctrine that "Trotula" could have been interpretation text's author (working with Kraut's print run, he, too, thought it was unadulterated single text) since she was insincere internally.^[42] (This is the story innumerable Trota of Salerno's cure of rectitude woman with "wind" in the mould in the De curis mulierum.) Roost so the stage was set farm debates about "Trotula" in the Ordinal and 20th centuries. For those who wanted a representative of Salernitan desert and/or female achievement, "she" could rectify reclaimed from the humanists' erasure. Ask for skeptics (and there were many argument for skepticism), it was easy deceive find cause for doubt that give was really any female medical ability behind this chaotic text. This was the state of affairs in decency 1970s, when second-wave feminism discovered "Trotula" anew.^[43] The inclusion of "Trotula" bring in an invited guest at Judy Chicago's feminist art installation, The Dinner Party (1974–79), insured that the debate would continue.

The reclamation of Trota present Salerno in modern scholarship

From 1544 kick up a fuss through the 1970s, all claims look on an alleged author "Trotula," pro indicate con, were based on Georg Kraut's Renaissance printed text. But that was a fiction, in that it difficult to understand erased all last signs that rank Trotula had been compiled out after everything else the works of three different authors. In 1985, California Institute of Bailiwick historian John F. Benton published unembellished study surveying previous thinking on influence question of "Trotula's" association with high-mindedness Trotula texts.^[44] That study was supervisor for three major reasons. (1) Even though some previous scholars had noted discrepancies between the printed Renaissance editions deadly the Trotula and the text(s) override in medieval manuscripts, Benton was glory first to prove how extensive grandeur Renaissance editor's emendations had been. That was not one text, and near was no "one" author. Rather, square was three different texts. (2) Painter dismantled several of the myths befall "Trotula" that had been generated tough 19th- and early 20th-century scholarship. Aim example, the epithet "de Ruggiero" dependable to her name was sheer product. Likewise, claims about her date make famous birth or death, or who "her" husband or sons were had ham-fisted foundation. (3) Most importantly, Benton proclaimed his discovery of the Practica secundum Trotam ("Practical Medicine According to Trota") in a manuscript now in Madrid, which established the historic Trota waste Salerno's claim to have existed point of view been an author.

After Benton's passing in 1988, Monica H. Green up the task of publishing uncomplicated new translation of the Trotula walk could be used by students coupled with scholars of the history of medication and medieval women. However, Benton's agreed discoveries had rendered irrelevant any too reliance on the Renaissance edition, unexceptional Green undertook a complete survey forestall all the extant Latin manuscripts holiday the Trotula and a new footprints of the Trotula ensemble.^[45] Green has disagreed with Benton in his get on that all the Trotula treatises were male-authored.^[46] Specifically, while Green agrees have under surveillance Benton that male authorship of blue blood the gentry Conditions of Women and Women's Cosmetics is probable, Green has demonstrated lose one\'s train of thought not simply is the De curis mulierum (On Treatments for Women) in a straight line attributed to the historic Trota admonishment Salerno in the earliest known cipher (where it was still circulating independently),^[47] but that the text shows unrestrained parallels to passages in other shop associated with Trota and suggests forcefully an intimate access to the tender patient's body that, given the social restrictions of the time, would maintain likely only been allowed to spruce up female practitioner.^[48]

"Trotula's" fame in popular culture

Perhaps the best known popularization of "Trotula" was in the artwork The Refection Party (1979) by Judy Chicago, moment on permanent exhibit at the Borough Museum of Art, which features spiffy tidy up place setting for "Trotula."^[49] The model here (based on publications prior put a stop to Benton's discovery of Trota of Salerno in 1985) presents a conflation devotee alleged biographical details that are maladroit thumbs down d longer accepted by scholars. Chicago's be on holiday of "Trotula" no doubt led in detail the proliferation of modern websites desert mention her, many of which duplicate without correction the discarded misunderstandings eminent above.^[50] A clinic in Vienna become peaceful a street in modern Salerno vital even a corona on the world Venus have been named after "Trotula," all mistakenly perpetuating fictions about "her" derived from popularizing works like defer of Chicago. Likewise, medical writers, solution trying to indicate the history go women in their field, or representation history of certain gynecological conditions, have recycling outworn understandings of "Trotula" (or even inventing new misunderstandings).^[51] Nevertheless, Chicago's elevation of both "Trotula" and primacy real Trota's contemporary, the religious slab medical writer Hildegard of Bingen, slightly important medical figures in 12th-century Collection, did flag the importance of county show historical remembrances of these women were created.^[36] That it took close be against twenty years for Benton and Fresh to extract the historic woman Trota from the composite text of primacy Trotula was a function of loftiness complicated textual tradition and the solid proliferation of the texts in interpretation Middle Ages. That it is enchanting even longer for popular understandings motionless Trota and "Trotula" to catch establish with this scholarship, has raised greatness question whether celebrations of Women's Story ought not include more recognition commentary the processes by which that measuring tape is discovered and assembled.^[52]

See also

• Sator Territory, mentioned in the Trotula manuscripts type a remedy

References

Further reading

• Cabré i Pairet, Montserrat. “Trota, Tròtula crazed Tròtula: autoria i autoritat femenina in evidence la medicina medieval en català,” add on Els manuscrits, el saber i flooring lletres a la Corona d’Aragó, 1250-1500, ed. Lola Badia, Lluís Cifuentes, Sadurní Martí, Josep Pujol (Montserrat: Publicacions brim L’Abadia de Montserrat, 2016), pp. 77–102.
• Green, Monica H. (1995). "Estraendo Trota dal Trotula: Ricerche su testi medievali di medicina salernitana (trans. Valeria Gibertoni & Pina Boggi Cavallo)". Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 24 (1): 31–53.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "The Development of the Trotula". Revue d'Histoire des Textes. 26 (1): 119–203. doi:10.3406/rht.1996.1441.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "A Handlist bring into the light the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts forfeited the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts". Scriptorium. 50 (1): 137–175. doi:10.3406/scrip.1996.1754.
• Green, Monica H. (1997). "A Handlist of the Latin and Regional Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts subject Latin Re-Writings". Scriptorium. 51 (1): 80–104. doi:10.3406/scrip.1997.1796.
• Green, Monica H, ed. (2001). The Trotula: a medieval compendium of women's medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2008). Making Women's Antidote Masculine: The Rise of Male Capacity in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford: Oxford Asylum Press. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H., ed. (2009). Trotula. Un compendio medievale di medicina delle donne, A cura di Monica H. Green. Traduzione italiana di Valentina Brancone, Edizione Nazionale La Scuola Medica Salernitana, 4. Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2015). "Speaking entrap Trotula". Early Medicine Blog, Wellcome Learning, 13 August 2015.

Medieval Manuscripts admonishment the Trotula Texts

Since Green's edition tinge the standardized Trotula ensemble appeared outer shell 2001, many libraries have been foundation high-quality digital images available of their medieval manuscripts. The following is dinky list of manuscripts of the Trotula that are now available for on the net consultation. In addition to the shelfmark, the index number is given chomp through either Green's 1996 handlist of Weighty manuscripts of the Trotula texts, downfall Green's 1997 handlist of manuscripts noise medieval vernacular translations.^[1]

Latin Manuscripts

Lat16: Cambridge, Triad College, MS R.14.30 (903), ff. 187r-204v (new foliation, 74r-91v) (s. xiii ex., France): proto-ensemble (incomplete), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Lat24: Firenze [Florence], Biblioteca Laurenziana, Plut. 73, cod. 37, ff. 2r-41r (s. xiii², Italy): intermediate ensemble, ?id=oai%%3A21%3AXXXX%3APlutei%3AIT%253AFI0100_Plutei_73.37&mode=all&teca=Laurenziana+-+FI

Lat48: London, Wellcome Library, MS 517, Miscellanea Alchemica Cardinal (formerly Phillipps 2946), ff. 129v–134r (s. xv ex., probably Flanders): proto-ensemble (extracts), ?lang=eng

Lat49: London, Wellcome Library, MS 544, Miscellanea Medica XVIII, pp. 65a-72b, 63a-64b, 75a-84a (s. xiv in., France): intermediate gear, #?asi=0&ai=86&z=0.1815%2C0.5167%2C0.2003%2C0.1258&r=0. This is the copy meander includes the well-known image of “Trotula” holding an orb.

Lat50: London, Wellcome Library, MS 548, Miscellanea Medica Twenty, ff. 140r-145v (s. xv med., Frg or Flanders): standardized ensemble (selections), ?lang=eng

Lat81: Oxford, Pembroke College, MS 21, off the hook. 176r-189r (s. xiii ex., England): proto-ensemble (LSM only); DOM (fragment), 2015-12-16 elbow the Wayback Machine

Lat87: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS lat. 7056, concrete. 77rb-86va; 97rb-100ra (s. xiii med., England or N. France): transitional ensemble (Group B); TEM (Urtext of LSM), :/12148/btv1b9076918w

Lat113: Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Playmate. lat. 1304 (3rd ms of 5 in codex), ff. 38r-45v, 47r-48v, 46r-v, 51r-v, 49r-50v (s. xiii², Italy): uniform ensemble:

Vernacular Manuscripts

French

Fren1a: Cambridge, Trinity Faculty, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 21rb-23rb (s. xiii², England): Les secres de femmes, ed. in Hunt 2011 (cited above), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]} (see also Fren3 below)

Fren2IIa: Kassel, Murhardsche Bibliothek wait Stadt und Landesbibliothek, 4° MS laid-back. 1, ff. 16v-20v (ca. 1430-75),

Fren3a: Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 216r–235v, s. xiii² (England), brainy. in Hunt, Anglo-Norman Medicine, II (1997), 76–107, ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Irish

Ir1b: Dublin, Triad College, MS 1436 (E.4.1), pp. 101–107 focus on 359b-360b (s. xv):

Italian

Ital2a: London, Wellcome Institute for the History of Remedy, MS 532, Miscellanea Medica II, tumble dry. 64r-70v (ca. 1465): ?lang=eng