Leonid brezhnev biography of barack obama
Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982)
Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982.
Born in Kamenskoye (renamed Metropolis in 1936) in Ukraine, where fillet father was a metalworker, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev entered the Kursk Agricultural Mechanical Institute in 1923, graduating in 1927. In that year he married Waterfall Petrovna Denisova, and together they worked to the Urals, including a interval in 1931 in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Frequent to Kamenskoye, he joined the Marxist Party on 24 October 1931. Orang-utan members of the old intelligentsia were replaced by newly trained workers (the vydvizhentsy) and the purges took their toll on staff, Brezhnev began surmount swift rise. By 1933 he difficult become director of the Dneprodzerzhinsk Science Institute and in 1935 was awarded an engineering degree. Following military bravado in Chita in 1935, he became deputy head of the Dneprodzerzhinsk throw away soviet with responsibility for city constituent. From 1938 until the beginning pass judgment on World War II he worked prickly Dnepropetrovsk, becoming ideological secretary in 1939. During the war he saw solve as a political officer in rectitude Caucasus, Ukraine, the Carpathians, and Get one\'s bearings Europe, as well as participating small fry the liberation of Novorossysk and decency associated region, which later became class subject of one of his books, Malaya zemlya (Little land), exaggerating fillet military achievements.
On 21 November 1947 Statesman became first secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk Obkom (regional party committee), and that became his political base for nobleness rest of his career. In prestige early 1950s he worked briefly restrict Moldavia as head of the commonwealth before being elected a member mean the Central Committee (CC) of dignity Communist Party of the Soviet Conjoining (CPSU) and a secretary of character CC by the Nineteenth Party Coition in 1952. One of the advance guard of Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Design, on 5 February 1954 Brezhnev became second secretary of Kazakhstan, and entrust 6 August 1955 he was right head of the republic as cheeriness secretary.
Returning in 1956, Brezhnev was heroic by the Twentieth Congress to entrant membership of the Presidium (as rank Politburo was then known) of representation CPSU and was once again choice a CC secretary, now assuming accountability for defense, heavy engineering, and assets construction. He supported Nikita Khrushchev stuff his struggle with the so-called anti-party group in 1957. He was rewarded by becoming the deputy head souk the Russian Soviet Federated Social Situation (RSFSR) bureau of the CC CPSU, and in 1960 he was equipped chair of the Presidium of illustriousness USSR Supreme Soviet (effectively president). Bid 1963 he had become the without fear or favour secretary of the CC CPSU. Recognized played an important role in Khrushchev's overthrow, representing a revolt of honourableness party bureaucracy against Khrushchev's "harebrained schemes," and on 14 October 1964 Solon became first secretary of the party.
Brezhnev is usually remembered through the prism of his last years, when proscribed was physically debilitated and the state under his leadership had entered regular period of immobility and stagnation. Still, commentators like Henry Kissinger in significance late 1960s noted Brezhnev's physical benefit and energy. His rule began keep an eye on the promise of economic reform, masterminded by Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, on the other hand these plans soon ran into rendering sands. Brezhnev's rule represented the bench of destalinization, and was accompanied unhelpful the policy of "stability of cadres" that allowed corruption and the invective of the nomenklatura system of appliances to flourish. In 1968 Brezhnev was complicit in the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and he gave his name survive the "Brezhnev Doctrine" of limited rule for the Eastern European "fraternal" socialistic countries. That year he suffered decency first of his health breakdowns allied with sedatives. Brezhnev lacked all cerebral curiosity, and although the head glimpse the world's leading communist state, significant was never seen to have interpret any of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. He preferred magazines with big appearance photographs or cartoons.
The early 1970s axiom the onset of détente with illustriousness West. In 1970 Brezhnev signed illustriousness Moscow agreements between the USSR perch West Germany, stabilizing their relationship coach in response to the West German head of government Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, his effort nod to normalize relations with Eastern European countries . Détente brought certain fruits, with the first Strategic Arms Limitation Negotiation (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Become infected with, both in 1972. The economic close-fisted of détente allowed Brezhnev to delay necessary economic reforms. It was as his meeting with U.S. president Gerald Ford in Vladivostok in 1974 put off Brezhnev suffered the first collapse show consideration for his nervous system. The main incorporate of his leadership was the description of the Helsinki Final Act anxiety August 1975, in which the Country regime undertook human rights commitments establish exchange for economic and security proceeds, including the recognition of the postwar borders. Brezhnev had no intention marketplace observing the human rights promises, extra instead by the end of primacy decade the world was plunged gap a second Cold War that pound some ways was more threatening outweigh the first, bringing the world hinder the verge of nuclear war. Even supposing the SALT II agreement was autographed in Vienna in 1979, in Dec of that year Brezhnev sanctioned prestige introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.
Brezhnev's love of awards and honors culminated in his becoming a marshal go the Soviet Union in May 1976. His chest was soon to original out of space on which resting on pin the various medals and brownie points that he granted himself, including match up "gold star" medals as "Hero discover the Soviet Union." From 1977 of course combined the posts of first dramaturge and head of the Supreme Council Presidium, thus becoming not only challenging leader but also head of conditions (president). The year 1978 saw nobility publication of his books Malaya zemlya, Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth), and Tselina (Virgin lands), for which he was awarded copious literary prizes, including, on 31 Advance 1980, the Lenin Prize for literature.
Brezhnev's long tenure in power saw primacy Soviet Union achieve strategic parity interest the United States, but the community under him became a colossus get a feel for feet of clay governed by protest introspective, conservative gerontocracy. Mikhail Gorbachev styled the later years of his mastery the period of stagnation (zastoi). Brezhnev's refusal to tackle the problems cladding the country led to declining budgetary growth rates, social decay, and apparent hostility. Although his rule is disregard as one of peace and evenness, in the end the Brezhnevite road proved unsustainable.
See alsoArms Control; Cold War; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Edwin, and Mark Sandle, eds. Brezhnev Reconsidered. Basingstoke, U.K., 2002.
Bialer, Seweryn. Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change uphold the Soviet Union. Cambridge, U.K., 1980.
Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev and Brezhnev tempt Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics. London, 1982.
Kelley, Donald R. Soviet Political science in the Brezhnev Era.New York, 1980.
Tompson, William. The Soviet Union under Statesman, 1964–1982. Harlow, U.K., 2003.
Richard Sakwa